2022年西南地區(qū)大豆玉米帶狀復(fù)合種植技術(shù)意見

2022-03-25 11:36:41 來源：全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心 作者：國家大豆玉米帶狀復(fù)合種植專家指導(dǎo)組 閱讀量：19959 評(píng)論

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 地方農(nóng)機(jī)】西南地區(qū)是我國大豆玉米帶狀復(fù)合種植最集中的產(chǎn)區(qū)，年推廣面積約占全國的1/3，即將進(jìn)入大豆播種期。為提高復(fù)合種植技術(shù)規(guī)范化、高效化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化應(yīng)用水平，堅(jiān)持“優(yōu)選良種、培育壯苗，合理配比、適當(dāng)密植，降高控旺、適期收獲”的技術(shù)路線，制定了2022年西南地區(qū)大豆玉米帶狀復(fù)合種植技術(shù)意見。
 
　　(一)優(yōu)選品種。大豆：春玉米夏大豆帶狀套作區(qū)，選用南夏豆38、貢秋豆8號(hào)、渝豆11等高產(chǎn)耐蔭抗倒品種；春玉米春大豆帶狀間作區(qū)，選用南豆27、云黃13、滇豆7號(hào)等耐蔭抗倒品種。玉米：選用緊湊或半緊湊型高產(chǎn)、耐密、宜機(jī)收的春播品種，如仲玉3號(hào)、正紅6號(hào)、云瑞668等。在播種前選擇大豆專用種衣劑進(jìn)行包衣，防控地下害蟲并兼治苗期豆稈黑潛蠅等害蟲，有條件的地方利用根瘤菌接種。
 
　　(二)機(jī)械播種。帶狀套作：玉米于3月下旬至4月上旬播種、大豆于6月上中旬播種，可選用玉米大豆密植播種機(jī)，通過更換播種盤、調(diào)整單體個(gè)數(shù)和帶間距實(shí)現(xiàn)玉米、大豆同機(jī)播種；推薦2:3模式，即2行玉米、3行大豆，玉米帶寬40厘米，大豆帶寬60—70厘米，玉米帶與大豆帶間距60—70厘米。帶狀間作：云南、貴州等帶狀間作春玉米、春大豆于4月上中旬播種，四川、重慶等帶狀間作夏玉米、春大豆于5月中下旬播種，可選用勺輪式或氣力式玉米大豆一體化播種機(jī)，推薦2:4模式，即2行玉米、4行大豆，玉米帶寬40厘米，大豆帶寬90—120厘米，玉米帶與大豆帶間距70厘米。帶狀間作或套作要確保玉米株距12—14厘米、大豆株距9—11厘米，玉米畝基本苗3900—4300株、大豆畝基本苗8500—9500株。針對(duì)丘陵山區(qū)不宜拖拉機(jī)作業(yè)的地塊可選擇微耕機(jī)帶動(dòng)或手推式播種施肥器。
 
　　(三)合理施肥。對(duì)帶狀套作，播種時(shí)畝施40—50公斤玉米專用復(fù)合肥，大喇叭口期結(jié)合機(jī)播大豆，距離玉米帶20—25厘米處畝追施玉米專用復(fù)合肥40—50公斤。對(duì)帶狀間作，玉米播種時(shí)畝施高氮緩控釋肥50—60公斤(折合純氮14—16公斤/畝)，大豆播種時(shí)畝施低氮緩控釋肥15—20公斤(折合純氮2—3公斤/畝)。在大豆分枝期、初花期和鼓粒初期，結(jié)合病蟲防控和化學(xué)調(diào)控噴施葉面肥，畝用90%磷酸二氫鉀50克+氨基酸多元素水溶肥50毫升，套作大豆在初花期可添加8%胺鮮脂20克/畝。
 
　　(四)除草控旺。雜草防除。采用芽前封閉與苗后定向除草相結(jié)合的方式。播后芽前用96%精異丙甲草胺乳油，如闊葉草較多可混加15%噻吩磺隆除草；苗后玉米4葉期與拔節(jié)期定向除草，玉米可用75%噻吩磺隆，大豆用25%氟磺胺草醚水劑或10%精喹禾靈乳油+25%氟磺胺草醚(20毫升+20克型)1套/畝。帶狀間作苗期施藥時(shí)用物理隔簾將玉米、大豆隔開，防止藥物漂移產(chǎn)生藥害。降高控旺。玉米在7—10片全展葉，按推薦劑量使用胺鮮脂、乙烯利合劑控制株高，注意控制勻速噴藥。在大豆分枝期、初花期可用烯效唑可濕性粉劑兌水噴施莖葉，控制莖葉旺長(zhǎng)。
 
　　(五)統(tǒng)防病蟲。對(duì)斜紋夜蛾、高隆象等大豆花期常見的害蟲，可用2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯或12%甲維·蟲螨腈兌水防治。對(duì)草地貪夜蛾，可用球孢白僵菌、綠僵菌等生物制劑和乙基多殺菌素、茚蟲威等化學(xué)農(nóng)藥，在幼蟲低齡期實(shí)施統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治和聯(lián)防聯(lián)控，對(duì)分散發(fā)生區(qū)實(shí)施重點(diǎn)挑治和點(diǎn)殺點(diǎn)治。注意農(nóng)藥交替使用、輪換使用、安全使用。
 
　　(六)機(jī)械收獲。西南大部分地區(qū)先收玉米，云南、貴州部分地區(qū)先收大豆，其中春玉米和夏玉米收獲期分別是7月下旬至8月上旬和9月中下旬，春大豆和夏大豆收獲期分別是9月中下旬和10月下旬至11月上旬。先收作物的整機(jī)寬度應(yīng)至少小于后收作物帶間距離20厘米以上，防止收獲作業(yè)時(shí)夾帶后收作物造成損失。先收玉米可選用整機(jī)寬度不大于1.6米的窄型兩行自走式玉米聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)，再用大豆收獲機(jī)收大豆。先收大豆可選用大豆聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)(3行大豆模式下的整機(jī)寬度不大于1.8米，4行大豆模式下的整機(jī)寬度不大于2.1米)，再用玉米收獲機(jī)收獲玉米。

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