徐州出臺(tái)小麥春季管理技術(shù)意見(jiàn)

2023-02-09 10:09:23 來(lái)源：江蘇省徐州市農(nóng)機(jī)推廣站 閱讀量：18946 評(píng)論

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 地方農(nóng)機(jī)】去年秋播以來(lái)積溫較高、光照較足，有利于適期小麥生長(zhǎng)，總體長(zhǎng)勢(shì)較好。12月中下旬降溫明顯且持續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)，雖抑制了部分早播小麥旺長(zhǎng)，但對(duì)晚播小麥的苗情轉(zhuǎn)化不利，小麥苗情不平衡性較大。當(dāng)前立春已過(guò)，要迅速?gòu)倪^(guò)節(jié)氛圍轉(zhuǎn)向春季田管落實(shí)和春耕備耕準(zhǔn)備，采取有效措施促弱轉(zhuǎn)壯，恢復(fù)生長(zhǎng)，夯實(shí)夏熟豐收基礎(chǔ)。
 
　　主要表現(xiàn)在：一是小麥群個(gè)體總體正常。二是苗情不平衡。徐州全市有旺長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì)小麥面積約19.5萬(wàn)畝，主要集中在旱茬早播田塊，莖蘗數(shù)偏多，給后期精準(zhǔn)施肥帶來(lái)了一定難度，倒伏、病害發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較大；三類苗面積約66.4萬(wàn)畝，多為晚播弱苗小苗，干物質(zhì)積累少，幼穗分化遲，實(shí)現(xiàn)足穗、壯稈和大穗難度大。三是凍害隱患較大。全市目前受輕度受凍面積22.1萬(wàn)畝，近期冷空氣活動(dòng)較頻繁，春季氣候多變風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大，倒春寒、濕漬害，及低溫寒潮和凍害植傷勢(shì)必增加晚播小麥苗情轉(zhuǎn)化的難度。
 
　　根據(jù)當(dāng)前苗情特點(diǎn)，早春管理要重點(diǎn)抓好以下四個(gè)方面：
 
　　1、適當(dāng)控旺促弱，促平衡生長(zhǎng)。對(duì)長(zhǎng)勢(shì)偏旺、莖蘗數(shù)偏多的旺長(zhǎng)小麥，要在拔節(jié)前進(jìn)行適度鎮(zhèn)壓或適當(dāng)化控，控旺促壯防倒。對(duì)遲播弱小、群體偏少、預(yù)期穗數(shù)可能不足，或者前期施肥不足、有脫力落黃現(xiàn)象的麥田，可在返青期追施接力(返青)肥，畝施10～15公斤三元高效復(fù)合肥(N、P2O5、K2O各15%)。對(duì)秸稈還田量大、苗情過(guò)弱的可每畝再加施5公斤尿素，盡早促弱轉(zhuǎn)壯，爭(zhēng)穗爭(zhēng)粒，促進(jìn)苗情轉(zhuǎn)化升級(jí)。對(duì)于生長(zhǎng)正常的一、二類苗麥田，小麥越冬期及返青期不宜追施化學(xué)肥料。
 
　　2、適時(shí)化除，防凍藥害。對(duì)前期化除效果差，目前草害達(dá)防治指標(biāo)田塊，要根據(jù)草相特點(diǎn)在拔節(jié)之前及早選準(zhǔn)藥劑、用好藥量進(jìn)行化學(xué)除草，控制雜草危害。早春莖葉處理，要在2月中下旬至3月上中旬，小麥拔節(jié)前(拔節(jié)后化除不安全，易導(dǎo)致藥害)進(jìn)行。以禾本科雜草為主的麥田，可選用唑啉草酯·炔草酸、精惡唑禾草靈等藥劑進(jìn)行防除；以闊葉雜草為主的麥田，可選用氯氟吡氧乙酸、2甲4氯等藥劑進(jìn)行防除。禁止選用長(zhǎng)殘留除草劑，以免造成后茬作物藥害。要密切關(guān)注天氣趨勢(shì)，注意避開(kāi)低溫寒流，掌握在施藥前3～5天后5～7天日均氣溫不能低于5～8℃，防止出現(xiàn)凍藥害。
 
　　3、防御倒春寒，及早補(bǔ)救。小麥拔節(jié)后尤其是拔長(zhǎng)兩節(jié)后，遇到氣溫0℃以下霜凍，主莖和大分蘗幼穗就會(huì)凍死凍傷。要密切關(guān)注天氣變化，低溫寒流來(lái)臨前對(duì)缺墑麥田及時(shí)灌水，可改善土壤墑情，調(diào)節(jié)近地層小氣候，緩沖地表溫度變幅，減輕凍害發(fā)生。在小麥凍害發(fā)生后2～3天要及時(shí)調(diào)查幼穗受凍程度，根據(jù)受凍程度迅速增施恢復(fù)肥。僅葉片凍害或主莖幼穗凍死率10%左右，不必施肥；莖蘗幼穗凍死率10%～30%的麥田應(yīng)迅速畝施尿素5公斤左右，每增加10個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，畝增施2.5公斤尿素；主莖幼穗凍死率80～100%時(shí)，最多畝增施15公斤尿素，爭(zhēng)取小分蘗和高節(jié)位分蘗成穗，才能減少產(chǎn)量損失、盡可能獲得正常產(chǎn)量。要注意增施的恢復(fù)肥跟正常施用的拔節(jié)孕穗肥互不抵消。
 
　　4、及時(shí)清溝理墑，防漬于未然。配套溝系是防治漬害，奪取小麥高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)的重要保證。“麥田一套溝，從種管到收”。各地要抓住天氣晴朗，氣溫回溫有利時(shí)機(jī)，及早清溝理墑，確保排水通暢、雨止田干，切實(shí)防止冬春連陰雨天氣造成嚴(yán)重漬害。

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