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2021年春耕期間東北地區(qū)秸稈還田指導(dǎo)意見

2021-04-29 09:02:28 來源：農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部科技教育司 閱讀量：20225 評論

導(dǎo)讀：秸稈是土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)的重要來源，還田是秸稈綜合利用的主要方式，促進(jìn)秸稈高質(zhì)量還田，有利于耕地保護(hù)，夯實(shí)糧食高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)的基礎(chǔ)，推動(dòng)農(nóng)業(yè)綠色發(fā)展。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 

農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部秸稈綜合利用技術(shù)專家組
 
農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)與資源保護(hù)總站
 
　　秸稈是土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)的重要來源，還田是秸稈綜合利用的主要方式，促進(jìn)秸稈高質(zhì)量還田，有利于耕地保護(hù)，夯實(shí)糧食高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)的基礎(chǔ)，推動(dòng)農(nóng)業(yè)綠色發(fā)展。近年來，東北地區(qū)秸稈還田面積持續(xù)擴(kuò)大，去年東北大部積雪覆蓋，大部分地區(qū)土壤墑情適宜。據(jù)氣象預(yù)測，4-5月份東北中北部降水較常年偏多1-2成，土壤墑情將持續(xù)向好發(fā)展。在春耕期間，為做好東北地區(qū)的秸稈科學(xué)還田和還田地塊的科學(xué)管理，提出如下指導(dǎo)意見。
 
　　一、科學(xué)及時(shí)做好玉米秸稈還田
 
　　(一)玉米秸稈粉碎全覆蓋免耕。在春季播種前，對于覆蓋地表越冬的秸稈，采用秸稈粉碎還田機(jī)進(jìn)行秸稈粉碎作業(yè)，按照秸稈粉碎作業(yè)質(zhì)量要求，秸稈切碎長度≤15cm、成撕裂狀，平均留茬高度≤10cm，秸稈粉碎長度及留茬高度不合格率≤10%，拋撒不均勻率≤20%的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行作業(yè)，粉碎后均勻拋撒在地表。之后，采用免耕播種機(jī)進(jìn)行免耕播種，苗期進(jìn)行深松作業(yè)，深松深度20cm以上。
 
　　(二)玉米秸稈覆蓋條帶耕作。在春季播種前，對于覆蓋地表越冬的秸稈，采用條帶耕作機(jī)將秸稈進(jìn)行歸行處理，使播種帶地表裸露，并對播種帶進(jìn)行表層耕作，或采用秸稈歸行機(jī)將秸稈進(jìn)行歸行處理。之后，采用免耕播種機(jī)進(jìn)行免耕播種，苗期進(jìn)行深松作業(yè)，深松深度20cm以上。
 
　　(三)玉米秸稈翻埋還田和碎混還田。對封凍前已完成粉碎、拋撒(混拌)、翻地、耙地和起壟等作業(yè)環(huán)節(jié)的地塊，在春季正常完成播種工作。
 
　　沒有深翻和深松基礎(chǔ)的地塊，要配合苗期深松作業(yè)，除草采用封閉除草與苗后莖葉除草劑結(jié)合的方式。
 
　　二、科學(xué)及時(shí)做好水稻秸稈還田
 
　　(四)水稻秸稈翻埋還田。在春季插秧前15-20天，放水泡田，泡田水深為垡片高度的2/3，泡田5-7天，垡片浸透后進(jìn)行平地起漿作業(yè)，作業(yè)秸稈應(yīng)混攪于泥漿中，無秸稈及根茬漂浮，田塊四周平整一致。也可以春季用旋耕機(jī)旱旋或采用重耙機(jī)進(jìn)行旱耙，將秋翻稻田的地表進(jìn)行耙田平整，將裸露秸稈進(jìn)一步粉碎掩埋，使95%以上的秸稈翻壓在土壤中，既要整平田塊，也不能將翻埋的秸稈旋出。
 
　　(五)水稻秸稈旋耕還田。對需要春整地的地塊，在春季土壤化凍達(dá)到15cm以上時(shí)，旋耕碎混還田。于插秧前10-14天灌水泡田，泡田深度高出旋耕后的土壤表面2cm-3cm，土塊浸透后進(jìn)行平地起漿作業(yè)。春季作業(yè)時(shí)，由于秸稈含水率低、韌性較強(qiáng)，應(yīng)經(jīng)過粉碎拋撒后再進(jìn)行還田作業(yè)。
 
　　同時(shí)，要施足底肥，可結(jié)合整地施肥，比正常施肥量增施氮肥2kg/畝。
 
　　三、科學(xué)及時(shí)做好土壤墑情管理
 
　　(六)注重保墑耕作。對于已秋深翻秸稈還田、但未耙地起壟的地塊，在土層化到7-8cm時(shí)，先行用耢子進(jìn)行頂凌封墑作業(yè)，待化到15-18cm再進(jìn)行耙地、起壟、鎮(zhèn)壓連續(xù)作業(yè)，確保墑情。對于秋整地已起壟的地塊，在土壤化凍3-5cm時(shí)，進(jìn)行頂凌鎮(zhèn)壓，防止跑墑。對于秋未整地、但春季達(dá)到整地標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的地塊，待土壤化凍10-15cm時(shí)，先用秸稈粉碎機(jī)粉碎秸稈，然后采用深松、耙、耢的方式進(jìn)行秸稈還田，之后馬上起壟、鎮(zhèn)壓連續(xù)作業(yè)，避免跑墑。對于采用旋耕碎混方式進(jìn)行秸稈還田時(shí)，須采取重鎮(zhèn)壓，避免跑墑，必要時(shí)旋耕碎混田塊需要坐水種或播后灌溉。秸稈翻埋還田必須在秋季實(shí)施，春季避免深翻整地。
 
　　(七)注重旱澇保墑。對于土壤缺墑地塊，要少動(dòng)土，采取滅茬播種或原壟卡種等少耕或免耕方式。對秋季澇災(zāi)嚴(yán)重、積雪較多、土壤濕度過大的地快，要適時(shí)采取機(jī)械耢雪散墑，積水或春澇嚴(yán)重地塊，要盡快采取措施排除明水，確保在土壤宜耕期內(nèi)完成整地作業(yè)。

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