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農機行業(yè)保護性耕作二三事

2018-06-05 17:37:19 來源：中國農機網原創(chuàng) 作者：四夕 閱讀量：48905 評論

導讀：近日有不少用戶在農機網微信公眾號后臺咨詢保護性耕作的相關信息，恰逢第47個世界環(huán)境日，也是《中華人民共和國環(huán)境保護法》規(guī)定的第4個環(huán)境日，在今年環(huán)境日的主題“美麗中國，我是行動者”背景下，我們來談談保護性耕作的二三事。

　　【中國農機網 編輯視角】近日有不少用戶在農機網微信公眾號后臺咨詢保護性耕作的相關信息，恰逢第47個世界環(huán)境日，也是《中華人民共和國環(huán)境保護法》規(guī)定的第4個環(huán)境日，在今年環(huán)境日的主題“美麗中國，我是行動者”背景下，我們來談談保護性耕作的二三事。
 
　　1934年5月11日凌晨，美國西部草原地區(qū)發(fā)生了一場人類歷*未有的黑色風暴。風暴所經之處，溪水斷流，水井干涸，田地龜裂，莊稼枯萎，牲畜渴死，千萬人流離失所。而無*偶，1960年3月和4月，前蘇聯(lián)新開墾地區(qū)先后再次遭到黑風暴的侵蝕，經營多年的農莊幾天之間全部被毀，顆粒無收。
 
　　“不違農時，谷不可勝食也；數(shù)罟不入洿池，魚鱉不可勝食也；斧斤以時入山林，材木不可勝用也。”農業(yè)生產離不開土壤、肥料、水分、溫度以及季節(jié)、氣象、氣候等條件的制約，順應自然實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的道理自古以來就多有體現(xiàn)，人類向來不是“自然的主人”。
 
　　隨著工業(yè)化進程的加快，農業(yè)不斷轉型升級，由傳統(tǒng)的刀耕火種轉向機械化作業(yè)的趨勢已然是不可避免。而機械耕作活動增強，農作物產量的大幅度上升，伴隨著的卻是河流泛濫、 沙塵暴猖獗、土壤退化、水土流失等問題頻發(fā)也是不爭的事實。那么，機械化就意味著一定要犧牲自然環(huán)境嗎？其實，不盡然。“水能載舟亦能覆舟”，機械化可以破壞環(huán)境，自然也能保護環(huán)境。
 
　　近年來，我們愈發(fā)注重保護性耕作的實施。保護性耕作是指通過少耕、免耕、地表微地形改造技術及地表覆蓋、合理種植等綜合配套措施，從而減少農田土壤侵蝕，保護農田生態(tài)環(huán)境，并獲得生態(tài)效益、經濟效益及社會效益協(xié)調發(fā)展的可持續(xù)農業(yè)技術，涵蓋了秸稈殘茬處理、免(少)耕播種、機械化深松、雜草及病蟲害防治、土壤改良五個方面。
 
 
　　保護性耕作的核心技術包括少耕、免耕、緩坡地等高耕作、溝壟耕作、殘茬覆蓋耕作、秸稈覆蓋等農田土壤表面耕作技術及其配套的專用機具等，配套技術包括綠色覆蓋種植、作物輪作、帶狀種植、多作種植、合理密植、沙化草地恢復以及農田防護林建設等。
 
　　機械化保護性耕作技術在一定程度上減少了對土壤的耕作次數(shù)或耕作面積，避免了大面積翻耕、旋耕后土壤水分散發(fā)和風蝕的發(fā)生，降低了土壤侵蝕；而作物根茬、秸稈以及綠色植被覆蓋又能有效地減少地表裸露，降低土壤水分蒸發(fā)和水土流失，提高了土壤蓄水保墑能力同時改善了土壤結構；秸稈、殘茬覆蓋及配套水肥調控技術，減少了傳統(tǒng)農業(yè)在處理作物秸稈時采用焚燒的辦法造成的大氣污染，同時也減少了火災的發(fā)生，降低了化肥、農藥用量過大對地下水和土壤的污染，起到了保護生態(tài)環(huán)境的作用。由此可見，機械沒有好惡，終決定權還是捏在我們人類身上。
 
　　值得慶幸的是，隨著生態(tài)意識的逐漸重視，保護性耕作也逐漸被納入國家發(fā)展規(guī)劃，《全國農業(yè)現(xiàn)代化規(guī)劃(2016-2020年)》就曾確定了加快深松整地、保護性耕作、秸稈機械化還田等機械化技術的推廣應用 ；同時在《2017年農機化促進農業(yè)綠色發(fā)展工作方案》中提出從2017年起，對技術成熟的保護性耕作等綠色機具全部實行敞開補貼，加大補貼支持力度；年初的《2018—2020年農機購置補貼實施指導意見》中也明確指出要優(yōu)先保證深松整地、免耕播種、植保、節(jié)水灌溉、施肥 、秸稈還田離田、殘膜回收、畜禽糞污資源化利用、病死畜禽無害化處理等支持農業(yè)綠色發(fā)展機具的補貼需要。
 
　　保護性耕作相關技術還在進一步完善當中，相關的適用農業(yè)機械也在不斷創(chuàng)新研發(fā)，雖然目前環(huán)境問題依然存在，但是相信以機械化為主要特征的現(xiàn)代農業(yè)會更加綠色。
 
 

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