黑龍江省2025年小麥科技備春耕生產(chǎn)指導(dǎo)建議

2025-02-28 10:15:01 來源：黑龍江省農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村廳 黑龍江省小麥協(xié)同創(chuàng)新推廣體系 閱讀量：14646 評論

　　黑龍江省小麥主產(chǎn)區(qū)主要集中在北部的黑河市域及大興安嶺冷涼地區(qū)，用于小麥主要糧食作物生產(chǎn)以及與大豆玉米進行輪作，該區(qū)域位于大興安嶺沿麓優(yōu)質(zhì)強筋小麥優(yōu)勢產(chǎn)業(yè)帶，日照時間長、晝夜溫差大，是重要的優(yōu)質(zhì)原糧生產(chǎn)基地。此外，齊齊哈爾北部、大慶周邊、虎林、佳木斯、伊春、牡丹江等地也有零星種植，近幾年在黑龍江省南部地區(qū)麥菜復(fù)種區(qū)、沿嫩江、松花江的壩外地、江灣地、河套地、江心島及鹽堿地等潛在可開發(fā)耕地推廣早熟小麥種植。據(jù)黑龍江省氣象局預(yù)測，2025年春季全省平均氣溫高于常年，春季全省平均降水量多于常年。近期我省氣溫逐漸回升，各地陸續(xù)進入小麥播前準(zhǔn)備工作，小麥播種期較常年會有所提前或者持平?，F(xiàn)根據(jù)氣候特點及生產(chǎn)形勢提出科技備春耕生產(chǎn)建議。
 
　　一、重點推薦品種
 
　　根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)匦←準(zhǔn)袌鲂枨蠹昂邶埥∞r(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村廳公布的《黑龍江省2025年優(yōu)質(zhì)高效小麥品種種植區(qū)劃布局》選擇不同品種類型，中熟與晚熟品種合理搭配；干旱半干旱地區(qū)或崗地肥力一般偏下地區(qū)建議選擇抗旱類型品種；低濕地區(qū)或洼地肥力較好地區(qū)選擇稈強耐密、抗穗發(fā)芽的優(yōu)質(zhì)喜肥水品種。
 
二、配套栽培技術(shù)
 
　　1、茬口選擇及輪作
 
　　在合理輪作的基礎(chǔ)上，選用大豆茬、馬鈴薯茬、玉米茬，且無氟磺胺草醚、異噁草松等長殘留性除草劑的地塊，避免甜菜和向日葵茬。
 
　　2、整地
 
　　秋整地。要求整平耙細，達到待播狀態(tài)。前茬深松25～30厘米后耙茬作業(yè)(采用 160 馬力以上的大型機械)，耙深 12～15 厘米。采取對角線法，不漏耙，不拖耙，耙后地表平整，高低差不大于 3 厘米。耕整地作業(yè)后，要達到上虛下實，地塊平整，地表無大土塊，耕層無暗坷垃，每平方米 2～3 厘米直徑的土塊不得超過 1～2 塊。三年深翻一次，秸稈粉碎還田。
 
　　3、提前謀劃、備好種子農(nóng)藥化肥
 
　　選擇正規(guī)種業(yè)公司、商店銷售的合格小麥良種，若所購買的小麥良種未進行包衣處理，建議采用戊唑·福美雙等低毒種衣劑進行包衣處理，防止散黑穗等病害。
 
　　施肥時期：秋深施肥。一般在氣溫降到 10 度以下時進行，施肥深度 8～10 厘米，占總肥量的 2/3～3/4。
 
　　種肥：春季施種肥占總肥量的 1/3～1/4。
 
　　商品化肥參考施用量：尿素 6.7～8 公斤/畝，磷酸二銨 8.7～10 公斤/畝，硫酸鉀 5.3～6.7 公斤/畝。
 
　　4、 依據(jù)土壤化凍程度、適時播種
 
　　在上年耕地已完成翻、耙、旋、耢平的基礎(chǔ)上，上年冬季降雪較多的地塊，在2～3月要及時耙雪散墑，防止后期化凍過深影響機械作業(yè)。根據(jù)土壤解凍程度，在土壤化凍5cm左右時進行田間播種，東部地區(qū)播種時間為3月15日～4月5日，西部區(qū)播種時間為3月25日～4月15日。
 
　　干旱地區(qū)播后及時鎮(zhèn)壓，充分利用返墑水避免土壤有效水分散失，確保苗全、苗壯、苗齊。濕潤地區(qū)在凍層化凍前完成播種，若遇到降雪情況，要及時耙雪散墑，防止后期化凍過深影響機械作業(yè)，同時需根據(jù)土壤墑情狀況進行鎮(zhèn)壓，嚴(yán)禁濕壓。

上一篇： 聚焦糧油冬管春耕 為農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)注入“新養(yǎng)分”——奉賢區(qū)啟動主要糧油作物冬季管理和春耕備耕專題培訓(xùn)

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