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2024年保護地蔬菜重要害蟲生物防治技術(shù)方案
2024-03-28
08:33:47
來源:全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心 閱讀量:12212
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導(dǎo)讀:保護地蔬菜害蟲種類多,常年發(fā)生的主要有蚜蟲、粉虱、薊馬和害螨等,蟲量大、世代重疊、抗藥性高、危害重。
【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】保護地蔬菜害蟲種類多,常年發(fā)生的主要有蚜蟲、粉虱、薊馬和害螨等,蟲量大、世代重疊、抗藥性高、危害重;偶發(fā)的有潛葉蠅、棉鈴蟲、甜菜夜蛾等。利用生物防治技術(shù)是保障蔬菜質(zhì)量安全、推進綠色植保的有效途徑。為推動害蟲的生物防治工作,特制定本方案。
一、防控目標(biāo)
保護地蔬菜重要害蟲防治處置率90%以上,害蟲總體防控效果80%以上,危害損失率控制在10%以內(nèi),保障蔬菜生產(chǎn)及產(chǎn)品安全。
二、防控策略
針對保護地蔬菜害蟲發(fā)生特點,采取“實時監(jiān)測、提前預(yù)防、壓前控后、多策并舉”策略,以健康栽培、物理隔離和生態(tài)調(diào)控等技術(shù)為基礎(chǔ),以釋放天敵和應(yīng)用生物農(nóng)藥為主要手段,將害蟲控制在經(jīng)濟危害水平以下。
三、生物防治應(yīng)用保障技術(shù)
(一)物理阻隔
蔬菜定植前安裝防蟲網(wǎng)。在棚室旁設(shè)置緩沖間,門口和入口及上、下通風(fēng)口安裝60目防蟲網(wǎng),阻斷害蟲侵入。
(二)健康栽培
1.環(huán)境控制。確保保護地溫濕度、光照、通風(fēng)和密閉性控制良好,適宜蔬菜生長。
2.清潔棚室。前茬蔬菜采收后及時拉秧清棚,徹底清除殘枝、落葉、落果、雜草、裸根等,于棚外集中無害化處理。密閉熏蒸或藥劑均勻噴灑墻壁、棚膜、緩沖間1—2次。
3.土壤消毒。定植前使用土壤消毒劑殺滅病蟲源,處理后增施枯草芽孢桿菌、木霉菌等有益菌劑。
4.健身栽培。潔凈種苗,合理密植,施用氨基寡糖類、蛋白質(zhì)免疫誘抗劑等,提升植株抗病蟲能力。
(三)生態(tài)調(diào)控
1.種植蜜源植物。棚間空地種植金盞菊、波斯菊、苜蓿、芝麻和蛇床子等植物。
2. 種植驅(qū)避植物。棚內(nèi)在通風(fēng)口區(qū)種植茴香、萬壽菊、除蟲菊等植物。
3. 種植誘集植物。茄果類蔬菜定植時,在其種植行的兩端和中間位置各種1株甜瓜,每隔4行種植1組,或瓜類蔬菜溫室用盆栽的苘麻置于行間,高效誘集粉虱類害蟲。
四、生物防治技術(shù)
(一)天敵應(yīng)用技術(shù)
定植后,監(jiān)測害蟲種群發(fā)生情況,在害蟲發(fā)生初期即采用相應(yīng)防治措施。
1.防治粉虱類害蟲
天敵品種:麗蚜小蜂等
釋放技術(shù):定植后,監(jiān)測發(fā)現(xiàn)害蟲即可釋放天敵,麗蚜小蜂按2000頭/畝,隔7—10天釋放一次,連續(xù)釋放3—5次。
2. 防治薊馬類害蟲
天敵品種:小花蝽類、胡瓜新小綏螨、巴氏新小綏螨和劍毛帕厲螨。
釋放技術(shù):定植后,監(jiān)測發(fā)現(xiàn)害蟲即可釋放天敵。小花蝽類天敵按500頭/畝,隔7—10天釋放一次,連續(xù)釋放2—4次;或根部撒施劍毛帕厲螨100—200頭/平方米,同時葉部撒施巴氏新小綏螨或胡瓜新小綏螨100—200頭/平方米,每2周釋放一次,連續(xù)釋放2—3次。
3. 防治害螨
天敵品種:智利小植綏螨、加州新小綏螨、巴氏新小綏螨。
釋放技術(shù):定植后,監(jiān)測發(fā)現(xiàn)害螨即可釋放捕食螨。葉部撒施智利小植綏螨5—10頭/平方米,點片發(fā)生時中心株釋放30頭/平方米,每2周釋放一次,釋放3次。或葉部撒施加州新小綏螨300—500頭/平方米,每周釋放一次,連續(xù)釋放3—5次,或釋放巴氏新小綏螨,方法同加州新小綏螨。
4. 防治蚜蟲類害蟲
天敵品種:蚜繭蜂、草蛉、食蚜癭蚊、瓢蟲。
釋放技術(shù):定植后,監(jiān)測發(fā)現(xiàn)害蟲即可釋放天敵。蚜繭蜂按2000—4000頭/畝,或草蛉(繭)按300—500頭/畝,或食蚜癭蚊按300—500頭/畝,每周釋放一次,連續(xù)釋放2—3次?;蚱跋x(成蟲)按1:60益害比釋放,或瓢蟲(卵)按2000頭/畝,釋放2—3次。
5. 防治鱗翅目害蟲
天敵種類:赤眼蜂類、蠋蝽等
釋放技術(shù):定植后,監(jiān)測發(fā)現(xiàn)害蟲即可釋放天敵。赤眼蜂類按10000頭/畝,或蠋蝽按20—30頭/畝,隔5—7天釋放一次,連續(xù)釋放3次。
(二)生物農(nóng)藥防治技術(shù)
當(dāng)釋放天敵不能夠有效控制保護地害蟲時,可使用生物農(nóng)藥進行防治,使用前需確定生物農(nóng)藥與天敵的兼容性,降低其對天敵的影響。粉虱類、蚜蟲類和薊馬類可選用除蟲菊素、苦參堿、魚藤酮、藜蘆根莖提取物、綠僵菌、球孢白僵菌、多殺霉素等藥劑;鱗翅目害蟲可選用短穩(wěn)桿菌、蘇云金桿菌、印楝素、核型多角體病毒等藥劑。
五、注意事項
(一)釋放天敵宜在保護地蔬菜上使用,注意天敵不耐儲存,應(yīng)盡早釋放,不可置于陽光下暴曬。
(二)釋放天敵后,避免施用化學(xué)殺蟲殺螨劑,2天內(nèi)盡量減少農(nóng)事操作,以利于天敵轉(zhuǎn)移到植株上。
(三)有避光、避高溫要求的生物藥劑宜在陰天或下午4點以后施藥。
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