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突破機(jī)收環(huán)節(jié)瓶頸:我國中藥材生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化前景廣,挑戰(zhàn)大

2022-03-28 14:30:08 來源:農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布 閱讀量:27289 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀:隨著人口老齡化問題突出、全民健康意識(shí)上升,中醫(yī)藥需求隨之增大,中藥材產(chǎn)業(yè)、中藥材生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化前景廣闊,大有可為。

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 市場行情】據(jù)悉,為深入貫徹落實(shí)《中共中央 國務(wù)院關(guān)于促進(jìn)中醫(yī)藥傳承創(chuàng)新發(fā)展的意見》,推動(dòng)全國林草中藥材產(chǎn)業(yè)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展,國家林草局日前編制了《林草中藥材產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展指南》。中國農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械流通協(xié)會(huì)會(huì)長范建華表示,中醫(yī)藥是國粹,中約材是具有戰(zhàn)略性的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品,隨著人口老齡化問題突出、全民健康意識(shí)上升,中醫(yī)藥需求隨之增大,中藥材產(chǎn)業(yè)、中藥材生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化前景廣闊,大有可為。
 
  《“十四五”全國農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化發(fā)展規(guī)劃》提出,大力發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)作物生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化,突破特色經(jīng)濟(jì)作物生產(chǎn)關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)機(jī)械化,因地制宜推進(jìn)中藥材、熱帶作物等區(qū)域特色特產(chǎn)作物生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化,著力突破機(jī)收環(huán)節(jié)瓶頸。
 
  中藥材生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化比人畜力生產(chǎn)具有明顯的優(yōu)勢。一是采用機(jī)械化深松改良土壤,使中藥材主根莖長、分叉少、藥材品質(zhì)大大提高。二是采用中耕機(jī)除草、施肥、培土作業(yè),使中藥材田間管理成本和人工費(fèi)大大減少。三是使用中藥材挖掘機(jī)收獲,可降低中藥材收獲成本每畝400元左右,提高工效30倍。四是對(duì)引進(jìn)的生姜機(jī)械化清洗技術(shù)做了改進(jìn),用與中藥材清洗,使藥材清洗提高40%,成本大大降低。五是機(jī)械深松、機(jī)械施肥提高中藥材單位面積產(chǎn)量。此外,在中藥材生產(chǎn)過程中,如果育苗、移栽、灌溉、噴藥、剎秧、裝卸運(yùn)輸?shù)茸鳂I(yè)全部采用機(jī)械化,可降低生產(chǎn)成本30%~40%,同時(shí)可增加產(chǎn)量15%以上。
 
  中藥材種植業(yè)在我國許多地方已成為經(jīng)濟(jì)支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)。然而這一傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)的作業(yè)手段長期以來整體改觀不大,在中藥材播種、移植和采收等環(huán)節(jié),費(fèi)時(shí)費(fèi)工的人工勞作仍是主要的生產(chǎn)手段。如果不能盡快發(fā)展“機(jī)械化”,將導(dǎo)致中藥源頭成本特別是人工費(fèi)用不斷升高,藥材價(jià)格將居高不下,成為影響中藥產(chǎn)業(yè)長期健康穩(wěn)定發(fā)展的不利因素。
 
  雖然目前我國中藥材機(jī)械裝備不足、機(jī)械化水平差距較大,但在產(chǎn)業(yè)快速發(fā)展和政策利好的條件下,由于存在迫切的產(chǎn)業(yè)需求,中藥材生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化具有巨大的發(fā)展機(jī)遇。對(duì)于中藥材生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化寫入全國農(nóng)機(jī)發(fā)展規(guī)劃及其發(fā)展前景。專家表示,挑戰(zhàn)與機(jī)遇并存。
 
  一方面,中藥材屬于小眾產(chǎn)業(yè),品種多、規(guī)模小、品種間差異大、用藥部位各不相同,這導(dǎo)致生產(chǎn)各種中藥材的機(jī)械無法大規(guī)模量產(chǎn),以一品一機(jī)及小批量為主要特征,社會(huì)投入動(dòng)力不足;另一方面,與大農(nóng)業(yè)相比,獲得來自國家的大幅度經(jīng)費(fèi)支持比較難,因此,需要?jiǎng)訂T各方力量,探索建立多元化的投入機(jī)制。
 
  據(jù)了解,中藥材生產(chǎn)機(jī)械裝備有通用和專用之分,如:耕整地機(jī)械、植保機(jī)械、給排水機(jī)械等屬于通用機(jī)械,而與藥材種植特殊性相關(guān)的機(jī)械設(shè)備則大部分為專用機(jī)械。對(duì)通用機(jī)械設(shè)備可以借助大農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的機(jī)械化技術(shù),而專用機(jī)械裝備則需要引進(jìn)創(chuàng)新或獨(dú)立創(chuàng)新,進(jìn)而通過集成創(chuàng)新實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)水平的提升。
 
  例如:甘肅省定西市絕大多數(shù)地區(qū)基本保持了綠色無公害的環(huán)境,是優(yōu)質(zhì)中藥材生產(chǎn)發(fā)展基地的優(yōu)質(zhì)區(qū)之一。為推進(jìn)定西中藥材機(jī)械化,提高中藥材產(chǎn)業(yè)競爭力,定西市農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化技術(shù)推廣站提出幾點(diǎn)發(fā)展建議:制定發(fā)展政策,加大對(duì)發(fā)展中藥材機(jī)械化的投入;層層建立試驗(yàn)、示范基地;市、縣、鄉(xiāng)三級(jí)都建立中藥材生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化技術(shù)試驗(yàn)、示范基地,加強(qiáng)農(nóng)機(jī)化技術(shù)服務(wù)體系建設(shè);各級(jí)政府應(yīng)考慮投入購買中藥材生產(chǎn)各環(huán)節(jié)的機(jī)械,完善農(nóng)機(jī)推廣機(jī)構(gòu)服務(wù)功能。要從機(jī)制上培育和完善各種經(jīng)營形式的農(nóng)機(jī)服務(wù)組織,重點(diǎn)鼓勵(lì)和引導(dǎo)農(nóng)機(jī)經(jīng)營者建立各種中藥材服務(wù)組織和服務(wù)隊(duì),為農(nóng)戶提供服務(wù);加強(qiáng)藥農(nóng)培訓(xùn),一方面要使農(nóng)機(jī)手熟練掌握操作使用、維修技能;另一方面要培訓(xùn)一批農(nóng)藝、農(nóng)機(jī)技術(shù)骨干力量,從而推進(jìn)中藥材生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展。
 
  注:本文由農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)(m.qktnz.cn)整理發(fā)布,資料來源:中國中醫(yī)藥報(bào)、國家林草局、藥農(nóng)網(wǎng)。
 
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