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2021年“三夏”黃淮海地區(qū)小麥秸稈還田指導意見

2021-06-09 09:01:16 來源：農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部秸稈綜合利用技術專家組 閱讀量：20178 評論

導讀：農(nóng)作物秸稈是農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中可直接利用的有機物料，秸稈還田對增加土壤有機質含量、改良土壤、培肥地力具有重要作用。黃淮海地區(qū)屬于一年兩熟地區(qū)，是我國重要的糧食主產(chǎn)區(qū)，也是秸稈產(chǎn)生量大的地區(qū)。

　　【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 
農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部秸稈綜合利用技術專家組
 
農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)與資源保護總站
 
　　農(nóng)作物秸稈是農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中可直接利用的有機物料，秸稈還田對增加土壤有機質含量、改良土壤、培肥地力具有重要作用。黃淮海地區(qū)屬于一年兩熟地區(qū)，是我國重要的糧食主產(chǎn)區(qū)，也是秸稈產(chǎn)生量大的地區(qū)。近年來，該區(qū)域小麥秸稈還田面積持續(xù)擴大，做好秸稈還田和離田利用工作，搶抓農(nóng)時搞好夏種，對促進農(nóng)業(yè)綠色發(fā)展、贏得全年糧食豐收具有重要意義。氣象部門預測，6月黃淮海地區(qū)氣溫偏高、降水偏少，局部可能發(fā)生旱情。為做好“三夏”時節(jié)黃淮海地區(qū)的小麥秸稈科學還田和還田地塊的科學管理，提出如下指導意見。
 
　　一、做好小麥秸稈粉碎還田
 
　　麥玉輪作和麥稻輪作是黃淮海地區(qū)的主要種植模式，夏收時溫度適宜，及時粉碎還田有利于微生物對秸稈的分解利用及營養(yǎng)元素的釋放，可為后茬作物提供及時有效的養(yǎng)分。還田時，應使用無嚴重病蟲害的秸稈，盡可能地避免因秸稈本身攜帶病菌所導致的農(nóng)作物病害。病蟲害較嚴重的田塊，秸稈不宜直接還田利用，應收集離田妥善處置。
 
　　為節(jié)約成本、不誤農(nóng)時，小麥聯(lián)合收割機需加裝秸稈粉碎還田裝置，收獲小麥的同時將秸稈就地切碎，均勻地拋撒在地表并形成覆蓋，直接免耕、旋耕后播種玉米或進行水稻插秧。合理調節(jié)切割裝置高度，留茬高度≤15 cm；切草刀片間距調整為8-9 cm，秸稈切碎長度≤10 cm，切碎長度合格率≥95%，漏切率≤1.5%；加裝均勻拋撒裝置板控制秸稈拋撒力度、方向和范圍，提高均勻度，拋撒不均勻率≤20%，埋草覆蓋率≥95%。
 
　　二、做好秸稈還田后茬作物種植
 
　　后茬玉米：免耕直播。種肥同播，施用復合肥。注意適當?shù)姆瓑焊采w，固定秸稈。小麥秸稈還田后，墑情合適可立即直播，墑情不足應先播種后灌溉。旋耕后播種。旋耕前撒施復合肥，旋耕后越早播種越好，墑情不足也可先播種后灌溉。旋耕后先鎮(zhèn)壓再播種，避免懸空跑墑造成吊苗死苗。夏玉米栽培需根據(jù)土壤肥力以田定產(chǎn)、以產(chǎn)定肥，保證生長季施肥總量為純氮10-15公斤/畝，五氧化二磷5-7.5公斤/畝，氧化鉀6-9公斤/畝。氮肥按基肥與追肥比例1:2施用，磷鉀肥全部做基肥施用。根據(jù)秸稈還田前期耗氮、后期釋氮的特點，在定量施肥的前提下，可適當增加氮肥基肥用量。
 
　　后茬水稻：旱耕水整。在正常土壤墑情條件下，使用大中型旋耕機或反轉滅茬機進行旱耕深旋作業(yè)，作業(yè)深度≥12 cm，也可選用犁旋一體復式機作業(yè)，犁耕深度16-20 cm，待淺水泡田1-3天后，進行起漿平整作業(yè)，沉實1-3天后種植水稻。水耕水整。若土壤含水量達田間持水量80%以上時，可先上淺水泡田1-3天后，使用水田埋茬耕整機進行水整秸稈還田作業(yè)，作業(yè)深度≥12 cm，待平整沉實1-3天后種植水稻。麥秸還田作業(yè)時，水層要求田面高處見墩，低處有水，作業(yè)不起浪為準，水深1-2 cm。可根據(jù)還田秸稈量將氮肥適當前移，增施基肥尿素5-8公斤/畝。
 
　　三、加強還田地塊管理
 
　　后茬玉米：重點關注拔節(jié)期、抽雄期、灌漿期的土壤墑情，根據(jù)實際情況定額灌溉，使土壤含水量保持在60%-70%，滿足作物生長需求的同時，促進秸稈的分解。為防止秸稈腐解過程中出現(xiàn)微生物與玉米爭氮的現(xiàn)象，可在大喇叭口期進行追肥，追肥方式為穴施或溝施，追肥一般施用尿素13-20公斤/畝。
 
　　后茬水稻：在麥秸還田的地塊，為減緩秸稈腐解過程中出現(xiàn)微生物吸氮與農(nóng)作物需氮間對氮素的競爭，應在水稻分蘗期增加氮肥施用量，以每100公斤秸稈增施純氮0.5-1公斤為宜；在孕穗期，因秸稈腐解進程釋放出養(yǎng)分，應適當減少氮肥和鉀肥施用；水稻苗期，采取淺水勤灌、間歇露田的灌溉方式。

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