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我國人口老齡化越來越嚴(yán)重,以后誰來種地?怎么種?
2020-10-24
16:46:47
來源:農(nóng)機網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 作者:林言 閱讀量:58308
評論
導(dǎo)讀:隨著經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展和城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程加快,“50后種不動地,60后種不好地,70后不愿種地,80后不會種地,90后不談種地”可以說是當(dāng)前農(nóng)村勞動力的概況。
【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 編輯視角】 10月23日,民政部在發(fā)布會上介紹,根據(jù)相關(guān)預(yù)測,“十四五”期間,全國老年人口將突破3億,我國將邁入中度老齡化。
數(shù)據(jù)顯示,截至2019年底,中國60周歲及以上人口約2.54億(2018年約為2.49億),占總?cè)丝诘?8.1%。明年是“十四五”規(guī)劃開局之年,我國進(jìn)入中度老齡化時代之后,會迎來哪些挑戰(zhàn)?一直以來,我國龐大的勞動力人口構(gòu)成了巨大的人口紅利,使得我國經(jīng)濟自改革開放以來得到了飛速發(fā)展。而一旦老齡化問題加劇,我國勞動力人口銳減,勢必會給經(jīng)濟發(fā)展帶來巨大的阻礙,而在農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域,這一阻礙尤為嚴(yán)重。
隨著經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展和城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程加快,“50后種不動地,60后種不好地,70后不愿種地,80后不會種地,90后不談種地”可以說是當(dāng)前農(nóng)村勞動力的概況。雖然有些夸張,但農(nóng)村人口空心化越來越嚴(yán)重是實實在在的問題。研究顯示,世界各國農(nóng)業(yè)就業(yè)人口呈下降趨勢,而中國為明顯,當(dāng)前農(nóng)業(yè)勞動力平均年齡為55歲。試想,十幾、二十幾年后,這代勞動力老去,那么誰來種地?
農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)托管:專業(yè)的事交給專業(yè)的人
年輕人不愿種地,那就把種地托管給專業(yè)種地的組織。在不流轉(zhuǎn)土地經(jīng)營權(quán)的情況下,將耕、種、防、收等部分和全部作業(yè)環(huán)節(jié)委托給社會化服務(wù)組織,讓專業(yè)的人干專業(yè)的事,為便于行業(yè)管理,這種方式統(tǒng)稱為農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)托管。發(fā)展生產(chǎn)托管對促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)節(jié)本增效,推進(jìn)多種形式的適度規(guī)模經(jīng)營,小農(nóng)戶發(fā)展現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)具有重要意義。
2019年,中辦國辦印發(fā)了《關(guān)于促進(jìn)小農(nóng)戶和現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展有機銜接的意見》,強調(diào)要加快發(fā)展生產(chǎn)托管服務(wù),不斷提升生產(chǎn)托管對小農(nóng)戶的覆蓋面;今年中央一號文件強調(diào)通過托管服務(wù)等方式將小農(nóng)戶融入農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈。據(jù)統(tǒng)計,2019年全國農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)托管服務(wù)面積超過15億畝次,其中服務(wù)糧食作物面積8.6億畝次,托管服務(wù)組織達(dá)44萬個,服務(wù)小農(nóng)戶6000多萬戶,有力推動了農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的專業(yè)化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、規(guī)?;图s化。
智慧機器換人:無人農(nóng)場徹底解放勞動力
在勞動力老齡化加劇的情況下,我國農(nóng)業(yè)保持穩(wěn)定發(fā)展,機械化發(fā)揮了重要作用。農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部新數(shù)據(jù)顯示,目前我國主要農(nóng)作物耕種收綜合機械化率超過70%,三大主糧生產(chǎn)已基本實現(xiàn)機械化。但是,農(nóng)業(yè)的不同產(chǎn)業(yè)間、不同區(qū)域間機械化發(fā)展還很不平衡:果菜茶等作物的機械化率不到40%,畜牧業(yè)、漁業(yè)、設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)等機械化率只有30%至35%,丘陵山區(qū)和平原地區(qū)差距巨大。相比主要農(nóng)作物生產(chǎn),果菜茶、畜牧業(yè)設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)和丘陵山區(qū)等領(lǐng)域恰恰是需要更多勞動力的。
中國工程院院士、中國農(nóng)業(yè)機械學(xué)會名譽理事長羅錫文表示,以政府扶持、農(nóng)機社會化服務(wù)為特征的中國特色農(nóng)業(yè)機械化發(fā)展道路,已成為發(fā)展中國家的典范。今后要瞄準(zhǔn)設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)、丘陵山區(qū)和畜牧業(yè)三大領(lǐng)域短板,推動農(nóng)業(yè)機械化由種植業(yè)向畜牧業(yè)、設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)延伸,從平原地區(qū)向丘陵山區(qū)擴展。
無人農(nóng)場方面,羅錫文團隊從2004年就開展了農(nóng)業(yè)機械導(dǎo)航及自動作業(yè)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)的研究,突破了導(dǎo)航定位、路徑跟蹤、電液轉(zhuǎn)向、電機轉(zhuǎn)向、速度線控、機具操控、自動避障、主從導(dǎo)航、車載終端和系統(tǒng)集成關(guān)鍵技術(shù),先后研制出無人駕駛
旋耕機、無人駕駛
播種機、無人駕駛
插秧機、無人駕駛高地隙寬幅噴霧機和無人駕駛收獲機等農(nóng)機設(shè)備。羅院士表示,“無人農(nóng)場自主作業(yè)技術(shù)將作業(yè)人員從繁重的駕駛操作中解放出來,大大提高了智能化水平和作業(yè)效率。”
基于我國國情,目前無人農(nóng)場還不適合在全國范圍推廣。羅院士認(rèn)為,無人農(nóng)場大范圍推廣有兩個先決條件:一是基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施要好,農(nóng)田的水網(wǎng)、路網(wǎng)、電網(wǎng)、通訊信號等都要滿足一定的條件;二是田地規(guī)模要夠大,要把面積小、零散分布的土地有效整合,實現(xiàn)“短變長”“彎變直”“窄變寬”?,F(xiàn)階段應(yīng)該還是以試驗效果、為農(nóng)民提供示范為主,之后根據(jù)不同的生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)再逐步推廣。
結(jié)語:十幾、幾十年后誰來種地的問題,歸根結(jié)底還是要靠現(xiàn)代化的農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)和農(nóng)機裝備,同時,農(nóng)業(yè)規(guī)?;?、集約化生產(chǎn)是未來趨勢,當(dāng)下農(nóng)村的“一畝三分地”情況下,“無人化”是實現(xiàn)不了。眼下農(nóng)村勞動力越來越缺乏,你愿意回歸農(nóng)田,體驗種地嗎?
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