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霜降時節(jié)話農(nóng)事 秋收掃尾防霜凍

2018-10-23 14:31:19 來源：中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布 閱讀量：28897 評論

導(dǎo)讀：“時逢秋暮露成霜，幾份凝結(jié)幾份陽。荷敗千池蕭瑟岸，棉白萬頃采收忙?！彼担诿磕旯珰v10月23日左右，這個時候夜晚地面上散熱很多，溫度驟然下降到0度以下，水凝結(jié)成霜，故而稱為“霜降”。節(jié)氣含有天氣漸冷、初霜出現(xiàn)的意思，是秋季的后一個節(jié)氣，也意味著冬天即將開始?！对铝钇呤蚣狻氛f：“九月中，氣肅而凝，露結(jié)為霜矣?！?/p>

　　【中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注】“時逢秋暮露成霜，幾份凝結(jié)幾份陽。荷敗千池蕭瑟岸，棉白萬頃采收忙。”霜降，在每年公歷10月23日左右，這個時候夜晚地面上散熱很多，溫度驟然下降到0度以下，水凝結(jié)成霜，故而稱為“霜降”。節(jié)氣含有天氣漸冷、初霜出現(xiàn)的意思，是秋季的后一個節(jié)氣，也意味著冬天即將開始?！对铝钇呤蚣狻氛f：“九月中，氣肅而凝，露結(jié)為霜矣。”
 
　　霜和霜凍是兩個不同的概念。一般來說，秋季出現(xiàn)的次霜稱為初霜，初霜越早對農(nóng)作物的危害越大。我國各地初霜是自北向南、自高原向平原逐漸推遲的。而霜凍則是指由于溫度驟降而引起的作物凍害現(xiàn)象，其致害溫度因作物、品種和生育期的不同而異。植株體內(nèi)的液體因霜凍而結(jié)成冰晶，蛋白質(zhì)沉淀，細(xì)胞內(nèi)的水分外滲，使原生質(zhì)嚴(yán)重脫水而變質(zhì)。因此，也有說“霜降殺百草”，但其實(shí)真正危害農(nóng)作物的是“凍”而非“霜”。
 
　　趕在霜凍前秋收掃尾工作就顯得至關(guān)重要。這個時期的北方大部分地區(qū)已在秋收掃尾，即使耐寒的蔥，也不能再長了，因?yàn)?ldquo;霜降不起蔥，越長越要空”；華北地區(qū)大白菜即將收獲，要加強(qiáng)后期管理；長江中下游及以南的地區(qū)對于冬麥和油菜應(yīng)及時間苗定苗，中耕除草，防治蚜蟲。
 
　　在南方，此時是“三秋”大忙季節(jié)，單季雜交稻、晚稻才在收割，種早茬麥，栽早茬油菜，摘棉花，拔除棉秸，耕翻整地。“滿地秸稈拔個盡，來年少生蟲和病”，收獲以后的莊稼地，還要及時把秸稈、根茬收回來，因?yàn)槟抢餄摬刂S多越冬蟲卵和病菌；進(jìn)行深度耕翻則有利于減少還原性有害物質(zhì)的積累，以保持土壤的健康。此外，我國大部分地區(qū)進(jìn)入了干季，要高度重視護(hù)林防火工作。
 
　　與此同時，霜降又是黃淮流域羊配種的好時候，農(nóng)諺有“霜降配種清明乳，趕生下時草上來。”母羊一般是秋冬發(fā)情，接受公羊交配的持續(xù)時間一般為30小時左右，和南方白露配種一樣，羊羔落生時天氣暖和，青草鮮嫩，母羊營養(yǎng)好，乳水足，能乳好羊羔。
 
　　秋收掃尾之余不忘防霜凍。應(yīng)當(dāng)適時早種，錯開晚秋霜凍時期；盡量選用早熟高產(chǎn)品種；經(jīng)常澆水，干土比濕土散熱快，農(nóng)作物更容易受害；熏煙，可在小范圍內(nèi)形成保溫云層，減輕凍害；經(jīng)常鋤地，可提高地溫；施腐植酸鈉或磷肥，使作物提前成熟。
 
　　另外，使用大棚可在更大程度上保護(hù)農(nóng)作物不受霜凍傷害。“大棚瓜菜看管好，追肥澆水把蟲防”，大棚不僅可以抵御自然災(zāi)害、抗旱澇，還能提早或延后栽培，延長作物生長期，達(dá)到早熟、晚熟、增產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)的目的。在霜降時節(jié)，秋季大棚菜如番茄、黃瓜、茄子、辣椒等喜溫性作物要加強(qiáng)保溫防寒，并適時澆水和及時采收；芹菜、生菜、油菜、蘿卜等耐寒性蔬菜要加強(qiáng)澆水、防蟲等管理工作。
 
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