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生態(tài)農業(yè)：盤點幾種新型種養(yǎng)結合模式及案例

2018-07-11 15:28:28 來源：中國農機網整理發(fā)布 閱讀量：28862 評論

導讀：近年來，生態(tài)農業(yè)越來越受到重視，國家多次提出要大力發(fā)展生態(tài)農業(yè)，并對農業(yè)環(huán)保進行重點布局。種養(yǎng)結合是生態(tài)農業(yè)中一個比較獨特的模式，也是國家大力提倡的生態(tài)農業(yè)模式，近年來各地種養(yǎng)模式紛紛涌現，各種綜合種養(yǎng)模式提高了種養(yǎng)效益，為農民增加了收入。下面簡單介紹幾種種養(yǎng)結合模式案例。

　　【中國農機網 地方農機】 近年來，生態(tài)農業(yè)越來越受到重視，國家多次提出要大力發(fā)展生態(tài)農業(yè)，并對農業(yè)環(huán)保進行重點布局。種養(yǎng)結合是生態(tài)農業(yè)中一個比較獨特的模式，也是國家大力提倡的生態(tài)農業(yè)模式，近年來各地種養(yǎng)模式紛紛涌現，各種綜合種養(yǎng)模式提高了種養(yǎng)效益，為農民增加了收入。下面簡單介紹幾種種養(yǎng)結合模式案例。
 
　　魚菜共生：北京魚菜混搭大棚試點成功
 
　　的北京，如何提升土地產出效益？一棟大棚里，既養(yǎng)魚又種菜，不影響產量還能節(jié)水節(jié)肥，如今這樣的“混搭”模式已在京郊試點成功，實現了養(yǎng)魚不換水，種菜不施肥的神奇效果。
 
　　在懷柔區(qū)楊宋鎮(zhèn)太平莊滿族村東方尚平農業(yè)種植專業(yè)合作社的大棚，一排排“住”在立體栽培架上的生菜、油菜長勢正旺。與普通大棚不同的是，栽培架下面不是土地，而是“回”字形的魚池，一尾尾肥碩的鯉魚愜意地在水中游弋。
 
　　“大棚就是一個生態(tài)圈，養(yǎng)魚的水過濾后，變成了自帶有機肥的‘營養(yǎng)液’供給蔬菜；種菜的水經過養(yǎng)分吸收后，又變成適合養(yǎng)魚的水，魚幫菜、菜幫魚，實現和諧互助。”合作社理事長于存平介紹說，“傳統(tǒng)循環(huán)水養(yǎng)殖，每天補水率達到50%，我們的補水率只有5%左右，而且實現了零污染、零排放。”經測算，立體栽培模式增加了大棚蔬菜種植面積13.4%，蔬菜年產量可比傳統(tǒng)種植模式增加4茬，棚內養(yǎng)魚年收入也可達1萬多元。增收的同時，還大大節(jié)省了種菜、養(yǎng)魚的耗水量，實現了生態(tài)效益和經濟效益雙豐收。
 
　　魚稻共生：云南洱源縣實現一田多效
 
　　在云南省洱源縣鳳羽鎮(zhèn)江登村半邊天生態(tài)農業(yè)種植專業(yè)合作社的稻田里，綠油油的田塊間一米多寬的水溝呈“十”字相連，農民忙著往稻田里放魚苗，水溝則是為了讓水火起來，讓魚更容易存活。
 
　　半邊天生態(tài)農業(yè)種植專業(yè)合作社負責人表示，“稻田養(yǎng)魚種出的大米，魚生態(tài)口感好，受市場歡迎，每畝至少增收800多元。”稻田養(yǎng)魚不施化肥、不打農藥，魚和稻谷都是原生態(tài)的，深受消費者青睞。
 
　　稻田養(yǎng)魚周期短、見效快、效益好、綠色環(huán)保，稻田的水面給魚提供了良好生長的環(huán)境，而魚可以吃害蟲，排泄物還可為水稻提供天然的有機肥，魚和水稻形成了一個無公害的生物微循環(huán)，是農業(yè)面源污染綜合治理和保護洱海的一項生態(tài)措施。洱源縣農業(yè)局局長王利高表示：“稻田養(yǎng)魚是發(fā)展綠色生態(tài)農業(yè)，促進農業(yè)供給側結構性改革的重要措施，通過稻魚共生模式，農戶在示范田塊基本不使用化肥農藥，對面源污染防控，洱海保護治理有非常顯著的效果。”洱源縣依托豐富的稻田資源，大力推廣發(fā)展稻魚綜合種養(yǎng)模式，利用稻魚共生互利原理，營造良好農業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境，減少農業(yè)面源污染。
 
　　蝦稻共生：湖南南縣稻蝦田里來致富
 
　　水稻+龍蝦生態(tài)種養(yǎng)模式，可以實現實現一田多用、一水多用、一季多收的效果。水稻在生長過程中產生的微生物及害蟲為龍蝦提供了充足的餌料，而小龍蝦產生的排泄物又為水稻生長提供了良好的生物肥，實現了優(yōu)勢互補，可提升稻米品質和龍蝦品質。
 
　　近年來，在湖南省南縣青樹嘴鎮(zhèn)、三仙湖鎮(zhèn)等地，養(yǎng)殖小龍蝦成為脫貧致富的“紅火產業(yè)”。當地采用“稻蝦共養(yǎng)”產業(yè)模式，產值由原來的每畝1000元提高到五六千元。
 
　　養(yǎng)殖小龍蝦給當地人帶來的不僅是豐厚的經濟回報，還有“養(yǎng)生態(tài)蝦、種綠色稻”的先進理念。“養(yǎng)殖小龍蝦，意味著稻田里不能灑農藥、不用除草劑，稻谷、小龍蝦都是綠色農產品。”三仙湖鎮(zhèn)咸嘉垸村黨總支書記陳培慶說，小龍蝦養(yǎng)殖過程中要脫殼10多次，殼和排泄物是禾苗生長的天然有機肥料，避免了使用化肥；另一方面，田里的害蟲都是小龍蝦的美食，既能除害蟲又提高了稻米質量。
 
　　稻鴨共生：廣東陽西縣建300畝“稻鴨共生”示范田
 
　　在廣東省陽西縣儒洞鎮(zhèn)邊海村，在強農糧油作物種植合作社的種養(yǎng)基地里，青綠的水稻像波浪一樣起伏，鴨子在水稻間追逐，捕食。合作社理事長易如平介紹說，這是今年試驗的“稻鴨共生”綜合種養(yǎng)模式，一塊田，既種植又養(yǎng)殖，達到雙重收益。他介紹，放養(yǎng)的鴨子是比較雜食的“櫻桃雜”品種，稻田的雜草、各種昆蟲基本一掃而光。
 
　　“稻鴨共生”模式不僅降低了鴨子的養(yǎng)殖成本，同時可以明顯改善稻田的生態(tài)環(huán)境。鴨子在覓食過程中，可以吃掉水稻葉片背部的害蟲及蟲卵，產出的糞便是很好的有機肥料，其在水里的不斷游動，在加快水稻對養(yǎng)分吸收的同時也改良了土壤的通透性，達到了互利共生、高產、、無污染的生態(tài)種植效果。
 
　　據了解，陽西縣今年開始探索綜合種養(yǎng)模式，在早造水稻生長期間，該縣在儒洞鎮(zhèn)邊海、上洋鎮(zhèn)庚山設置了兩個示范點，共計300畝，來開展稻鴨種養(yǎng)綜合種養(yǎng)試驗。陽西縣農業(yè)局相關負責人表示，探索發(fā)展綜合種養(yǎng)，是該縣實行農業(yè)供給側結構性改革的重要項目，通過種養(yǎng)殖的有機結合，提升生產效益，拓展農業(yè)增收功能，出產的農產品也更符合綠色、生態(tài)的消費趨向，終實現生態(tài)效益和經濟效益雙贏。
 
　　結語
 
　　總的來說，種養(yǎng)結合實現了農業(yè)規(guī)?；a和糞尿資源化利用，改善了農業(yè)生產環(huán)境，提高了水產、畜禽成活率和養(yǎng)殖水平，降低了農田化肥使用量和農業(yè)生產成本，提高了農產品產量和質量，確保了農業(yè)收入穩(wěn)定增加。同時通過種植業(yè)和養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的直接良性循環(huán)，改變了傳統(tǒng)農業(yè)生產方式，拓展了生態(tài)循環(huán)農業(yè)發(fā)展空間。加快培育綜合種養(yǎng)型生態(tài)模式，不僅是提高農民收入的有效手段，對實施鄉(xiāng)村振興戰(zhàn)略、發(fā)展生態(tài)農業(yè)也有著重要意義。
 
　　本文由中國農機網整理發(fā)布，資料來源：農業(yè)農村部、人民網、陽江日報、大理日報，如有侵權或異議請聯系我們。

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