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地點(diǎn):
開展時(shí)間: 2025-02-11
舉辦單位: 美國加州圖拉爾國際展覽中心
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地點(diǎn): 巴彥淖爾市
開展時(shí)間: 2025-02-22
舉辦單位: 內(nèi)蒙古春季農(nóng)機(jī)展組委會
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地點(diǎn): 廣州市
開展時(shí)間: 2025-02-25
舉辦單位: 廣州光亞法蘭克福展覽有限公司
我國農(nóng)業(yè)節(jié)水灌溉技術(shù)須向這些發(fā)達(dá)國家看齊
2018-06-19
10:36:28
來源:中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布 閱讀量:36242
評論
導(dǎo)讀:水資源是制約21世紀(jì)各國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的重要因素,各國政府都將水資源的開發(fā)利用當(dāng)作一個(gè)戰(zhàn)略問題。水資源的短缺目前已成為制約我國農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵問題,我國水資源總量居世界前6位,但人均水資源僅為世界平均水平的四分之一。
【中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】水資源是制約21世紀(jì)各國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的重要因素,各國政府都將水資源的開發(fā)利用當(dāng)作一個(gè)戰(zhàn)略問題。水資源的短缺目前已成為制約我國農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵問題,我國水資源總量居世界前6位,但人均水資源僅為世界平均水平的四分之一。
在水的使用中,農(nóng)業(yè)、林業(yè)用水占了很大的比例。例如在缺水嚴(yán)重的新疆,農(nóng)業(yè)用水占到了95%,傳統(tǒng)的灌溉方式已不適應(yīng)自然條件的變化。因此,大力發(fā)展先進(jìn)的節(jié)水灌溉是目前我國農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展面臨的比較重要的問題。在節(jié)水灌溉技術(shù)上,國外發(fā)達(dá)國家技術(shù)較為成熟,下面簡單介紹一下。
美國
近幾十年來,節(jié)水技術(shù)已成為美國的重要產(chǎn)業(yè)。在美國,聯(lián)邦政府支付節(jié)水農(nóng)業(yè)的科研、設(shè)計(jì)等技術(shù)方面的全部費(fèi)用。工程建設(shè)費(fèi)用由聯(lián)邦政府資助50%,其余50%由地方政府支付或者使用由政府提供擔(dān)保的優(yōu)惠貸款。另外,每年美國政府還向農(nóng)場主提供數(shù)億美元的資助。在講究效益和法治的基礎(chǔ)上,美國也相當(dāng)注重節(jié)水技術(shù)的研究和推廣。
目前,整個(gè)美國灌溉面積中已有一半采用了噴灌、滴灌技術(shù),比重還在不斷提高;另一半中的多數(shù)也采用了節(jié)水措施。美國的糧食作物大多數(shù)使用時(shí)針式、平移式和卷盤式大型
噴灌機(jī)灌溉。美國的灌溉是節(jié)水結(jié)合農(nóng)作物施肥、施藥的灌溉。利用噴灌,美國在占全部耕地面積15%的灌區(qū)創(chuàng)造的農(nóng)產(chǎn)值占到40%的全國農(nóng)業(yè)總產(chǎn)值。
以色列
以色列的節(jié)水是有名的,它是世界上節(jié)水灌溉極為發(fā)達(dá)的國家。
為減少蒸發(fā),以色列變明渠輸水為管道輸水,變自流灌溉為壓力灌溉,變粗放的灌溉為自動控制灌溉方式,適時(shí)、適量灌溉,實(shí)現(xiàn)了農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉領(lǐng)域的一場革命。目前,以色列節(jié)水灌溉面積已經(jīng)發(fā)展到25萬hm2,占耕地總面積的55 %左右。
在以色列,所用水源以及
輸水管網(wǎng)的建設(shè)和管理,都由政府來負(fù)責(zé)。對于田間灌溉設(shè)施的投資,政府提供1/3的資金補(bǔ)助,銀行對發(fā)展節(jié)水灌溉的農(nóng)戶提供長期低息貸款。同時(shí)以色列還建立了較為完善的節(jié)水灌溉技術(shù)研究、開發(fā)、生產(chǎn)、培訓(xùn)、銷售和服務(wù)體系。
日本
隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)社會的發(fā)展,日本各方面用水需求增加,爭水矛盾突出,法律規(guī)定在利用、節(jié)約保護(hù)水資源的同時(shí),可通過擁有水權(quán)的用戶相互協(xié)商,對用水進(jìn)行控制和調(diào)整用水量。近年來,日本出現(xiàn)了由城市部門提供部分灌溉設(shè)施改造費(fèi)用,提高灌溉用水效率,節(jié)約下來的水則由提供投資的城市部門使用,這是激勵(lì)農(nóng)民進(jìn)行設(shè)備更新的一種方法,這種間接的改變用途的水權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓在一定程度上促進(jìn)了節(jié)水農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展,保護(hù)了農(nóng)民利益。
日本中央政府負(fù)責(zé)修建諸如水庫、引水壩、干渠這類灌溉設(shè)施,地方政府負(fù)責(zé)修建向農(nóng)田供水的支渠,用水者協(xié)會負(fù)責(zé)毛渠的修建。各級政府對灌溉工程設(shè)施給予相當(dāng)大的財(cái)政支持,農(nóng)民無力支付,通常先由政府墊付,工程建成受益后,再分年歸還。縣興辦的灌溉工程,總投資的一半由中央政府負(fù)擔(dān)。
澳大利亞
澳大利亞灌溉工程斗渠以上的部分由政府投資興建,并成立專門機(jī)構(gòu)管理。農(nóng)場內(nèi)部設(shè)施由農(nóng)場主自已負(fù)責(zé)。管理單位所收水費(fèi)只夠渠系輸水工程運(yùn)行維護(hù)費(fèi)的70%,其余部分由政府補(bǔ)貼。
農(nóng)民興建節(jié)水灌溉工程可向政府專門機(jī)構(gòu)申請比普通商業(yè)貸款利率低7個(gè)百分點(diǎn)的優(yōu)惠貸款。另外,州政府還采用各種措施,鼓勵(lì)農(nóng)業(yè)用水更新用水技術(shù)和設(shè)備,如政府承擔(dān)的對其他經(jīng)濟(jì)部門的關(guān)稅補(bǔ)貼更多地向農(nóng)民轉(zhuǎn)移,以提高農(nóng)業(yè)投資節(jié)水灌溉設(shè)備的能力,使其灌溉技術(shù)向先進(jìn)水平發(fā)展。
結(jié)語
相對而言,我國節(jié)水意識還是比較落后的,再加上設(shè)施和技術(shù)水平有限,導(dǎo)致多年來農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉用水的利用率低下。農(nóng)業(yè)作為我國的支柱性產(chǎn)業(yè),在國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中占據(jù)重要地位。在面臨著嚴(yán)重水資源缺乏的現(xiàn)階段,國家應(yīng)該大力支持節(jié)水灌溉技術(shù),向以色列等節(jié)水技術(shù)高度發(fā)達(dá)的國家看齊,促進(jìn)我國農(nóng)業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
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