“三農”發(fā)展有什么新趨勢？

2018-05-25 14:52:49 來源：中國農機網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 作者：四夕 閱讀量：46733 評論

　　【中國農機網(wǎng) 編輯視角】“越是窮地方，農活也越重。春天播種；夏天收麥；秋天玉米、高粱、谷子都熟了，更忙；冬天打壩、修梯田，總不得閑。”
 
　　——史鐵生《我的遙遠的清平灣》
 
　　古往今來，無數(shù)的文字向我們描繪了文人眼中的農村印象，事實上那也代表了我們一直以來對于農村的傳統(tǒng)的刻板印象。那么，隨著我國社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展，現(xiàn)代農業(yè)轉型升級，農村發(fā)展是否有了新趨勢？
 
　　5月24日，革命老區(qū)全面奔小康與鄉(xiāng)村振興戰(zhàn)略理論研討會在浙江省余姚市召開。余姚通過盤活農村廢棄建設用地、閑置農舍、零星分散建設用地等資源，用于興辦農家樂、民宿等特色建筑，根據(jù)山地的自然空間特點點狀布局、垂直開發(fā)，豐富視覺景觀元素，成了典型的“坡地村鎮(zhèn)”建設模式。
 
　　作為農業(yè)大國，我國一直重視農村、農業(yè)、農民的發(fā)展問題，把發(fā)展農業(yè)、富裕農民、繁榮農村擺在突出位置，不斷完善強農富農惠農政策。“三農”發(fā)展迎來一個又一個黃金期，離不開“免補改建立”各項政策的陸續(xù)出臺，更離不開各地因地適宜積極探索，而今，“三農”發(fā)展已然呈現(xiàn)新趨勢。
 
　　農村化資源優(yōu)勢為產品優(yōu)勢
 
　　農村發(fā)展大的變化就是化資源優(yōu)勢為產品優(yōu)勢。
 
　　“秋山的色彩也不再那么單調：半崖上小灌木的葉子紅了，杜梨樹的葉子黃了，酸棗棵子綴滿了珊瑚珠似的小酸棗……尤其是山坡上綻開了一叢叢野花，淡藍色的，一叢挨著一叢，霧蒙蒙的。”慶幸的是，即便是文人筆下貧困落后的農村也始終是有城市所領略不到的風景的，將農村風景景區(qū)化無疑為農村的發(fā)展提供了新思路。用景觀的概念建設新農村，將鄉(xiāng)村裝點成旅游度假腹地，吸引外地游客并延伸與之相關產業(yè)鏈。
 
　　值得注意的是，把農村的景觀、生產生活資料轉換成具有觀光、體驗、休閑價值的旅游產品時要在一定區(qū)域內形成差異化發(fā)展，因地制宜，既避免了東施效顰的失誤又降低了審美疲勞的可能性，形成獨特的資源優(yōu)勢。而與之相對應的一大賣點則是游客的互動體驗性，將資源優(yōu)勢轉換為產品優(yōu)勢的過程中要讓游客融入整個情境中，具有參與感是獲得滿足感的重要重要條件。
 
　　農業(yè)一產變多產
 
　　從神農植五谷的傳說到早的刀耕火種，再到歷朝歷代都將“民以食為天”奉為圭臬和社會穩(wěn)定要素，農業(yè)一直在社會發(fā)展中起著不可忽視的作用。
 
　　隨著現(xiàn)代科技發(fā)展，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、大數(shù)據(jù)以及物聯(lián)網(wǎng)等助推下，我國現(xiàn)代化農業(yè)不斷轉型升級，而農業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的重要標志之一就是農業(yè)的機械化發(fā)展，在解放勞動力的前提下提高了生產效率，農機行業(yè)迎來智能化、自動化、信息化大變革。同時，在轉型升級過程中，逐漸形成了鄉(xiāng)村旅游的核心結構，在發(fā)展傳統(tǒng)農業(yè)的同時帶動了觀賞經(jīng)濟作物種植、蔬菜瓜果及家禽家畜消費、餐飲住宿接待、民俗文化消費的全面發(fā)展，還將第三產業(yè)引入農村。
 
　　農業(yè)發(fā)展的另一大趨勢就是農業(yè)產品的生態(tài)化、健康化。從提出可持續(xù)發(fā)展到居民環(huán)境保護意識的增強，以及伴隨生活水平提高人們對生活品質的要求也在不斷提高，從僅僅要求滿足溫飽到追求綠色生態(tài)健康食品，農業(yè)產品發(fā)展也愈加重視生態(tài)健康發(fā)展。
 
　　農民專業(yè)化要求提高
 
　　“人生在世，會當有業(yè)，農民則計量耕稼，商賈則討論貨賄。”農民幾乎是我國存在久遠的職業(yè)之一了?，F(xiàn)代農業(yè)不斷發(fā)展，相對于傳統(tǒng)農民，“農民”逐漸成為了一種自由選擇的職業(yè)，而不再是一種被賦予的身份，這就是新型職業(yè)農民。新型職業(yè)農民是以農業(yè)為職業(yè)、具有相應的專業(yè)技能、收入主要來自農業(yè)生產經(jīng)營并達到相當水平的現(xiàn)代農業(yè)從業(yè)者，他們不僅需要專業(yè)技能，更是要懂經(jīng)營、善管理，對專業(yè)化要求進一步提高。
 
　　而隨著農村旅游的發(fā)展壯大，尤其是在大力發(fā)展觀光農業(yè)、生態(tài)農業(yè)以及精品農業(yè)的地區(qū)，農民逐漸轉向以旅游為主業(yè)、種植為副業(yè)，務農逐漸轉變?yōu)檗r商并舉，農戶由專一職業(yè)轉化為多重職業(yè)身份。
 
　　我們應當樹立一個意識：農民不是身份，只是職業(yè)。
 
　　知識鏈接：“免補改建立”
 
　　“免”：免除已持續(xù)2600年之久的專對農民征收的農業(yè)稅；
 
　　“補”：實行對農業(yè)生產進行直接補貼的政策；
 
　　“改”：改革糧食流通體制、改革集體林權制度、改革農村金融體制等等；
 
　　“建”：把國家基礎設施建設和社會事業(yè)發(fā)展的重點放到農村；
 
　　“立”：加大公共財政對農村的覆蓋，朝著基本公共服務逐步均等化的方向建立一系列新制度：農村義務教育經(jīng)費保障制度、新型農村合作醫(yī)療制度、農村低生活保障制度、新型農村社會養(yǎng)老保險制度。
 
　　版權聲明：本文由中國農機網(wǎng)(m.qktnz.cn)原創(chuàng)，轉載請注明出處。

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