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秸稈綜合利用的新路子——“五化”利用出奇效

2017-10-18 13:33:01 來源：中國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 閱讀量：42437 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：秸稈問題一直是一個(gè)經(jīng)久不衰的話題，每年豐收季也是農(nóng)作物秸稈的豐收季，與往年燒秸稈的處理方式不同，近年來，各地對(duì)秸稈“寬容”許多，不再燒秸稈，而是把它當(dāng)“寶貝”，能換錢的“寶貝”，隨著人們對(duì)秸稈的了解，秸稈的利用價(jià)值也越來越顯現(xiàn)出來。2014年，國(guó)家發(fā)改委和農(nóng)業(yè)部編制的《秸稈綜合利用技術(shù)目錄》發(fā)布，提出了秸稈資源肥料化、燃料化、原料化、飼料化和基料化等“五化”利用途徑。

　　【中國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 本站原創(chuàng)】 秸稈問題一直是一個(gè)經(jīng)久不衰的話題，每年豐收季也是農(nóng)作物秸稈的豐收季，與往年燒秸稈的處理方式不同，近年來，各地對(duì)秸稈“寬容”許多，不再燒秸稈，而是把它當(dāng)“寶貝”，能換錢的“寶貝”，隨著人們對(duì)秸稈的了解，秸稈的利用價(jià)值也越來越顯現(xiàn)出來。2014年，國(guó)家發(fā)改委和農(nóng)業(yè)部編制的《秸稈綜合利用技術(shù)目錄》發(fā)布，提出了秸稈資源肥料化、燃料化、原料化、飼料化和基料化等“五化”利用途徑。
 
　　肥料化——秸稈肥料化生產(chǎn)是控制一定的條件，通過一定的技術(shù)手段，在工廠中實(shí)現(xiàn)秸稈腐爛分解和穩(wěn)定，終將其轉(zhuǎn)化為商品肥料的一種生產(chǎn)方式，其產(chǎn)品一般主要包括精制有機(jī)肥和有機(jī)-無機(jī)復(fù)混肥的兩種產(chǎn)品。利用秸稈等農(nóng)業(yè)有機(jī)原料進(jìn)行肥料化生產(chǎn)的有機(jī)肥或有機(jī)-無機(jī)復(fù)混肥產(chǎn)品在改良土壤性質(zhì)、改善農(nóng)產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)和提高農(nóng)產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量方面具有重要的意義和顯著的效果。近些年來化肥大量投入使土壤的理化性質(zhì)變差，且影響了作物的品質(zhì)以及產(chǎn)量的可持續(xù)性提高，而秸稈肥料化生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品有增加土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)、氮、磷、鉀和 各種微量元素的含量，減小土壤的容重和增加總空隙 度，保持作物持續(xù)增產(chǎn)等作用，是解決以上問題的有效方法。
 
　　燃料化——秸稈成型燃料。是將農(nóng)作物秸稈粉碎后，在秸稈壓塊設(shè)備中采用加壓、加熱的方式，將秸稈壓縮成型，為農(nóng)村居民提供生活用能源，或作為工業(yè)鍋爐和電站的燃料。
 
　　農(nóng)作物秸稈預(yù)處理→干燥→粉碎→混料→成型、碳化(木炭)→使用(配備專用爐灶)。
 
　　(1)農(nóng)作物秸稈的處理。適時(shí)收割農(nóng)作物，將劣質(zhì)、腐爛以及變質(zhì)的秸稈去除，篩選出可用秸稈。一般情況下，剛收割的秸稈水分含量較高，應(yīng)干燥脫水。一般采取自然干燥的方法，將秸稈擺放在地面上，利用太陽光曝曬脫水。
 
　　(2)秸稈的粉碎、混料。為了得到理想的壓制效果，需要將秸稈切碎。另外，一些粒度較小的農(nóng)作物種皮、外殼等可以不粉碎直接使用。將粉碎的秸稈充分混合均勻。如添加適量的粘合劑，可提高制品的強(qiáng)度。
 
　　(3)成型、碳化。成型是秸稈固化成型燃料技術(shù)中的核心環(huán)節(jié)，成型的方式主要有濕壓、熱壓和碳化成型三種。但其特點(diǎn)是成型燃料的密度大，便于貯存和運(yùn)輸，容易著火，燃燒性能好，熱效率高，污染少。
 
　　原料化——秸稈人造板材生產(chǎn)技術(shù)。秸稈人造板是以麥秸或稻秸等秸稈為原料，經(jīng)切斷、粉碎、干燥、分選、拌以異氰酸酯膠黏劑、鋪裝、預(yù)壓、熱壓、后處理(包括冷卻、裁邊、養(yǎng)生等)和砂光、檢測(cè)等各道工序制成的一種板材。我國(guó)秸稈人造板已成功開發(fā)出麥秸刨花板，稻草纖維板，玉米秸稈、棉稈、葵花稈碎料板，軟質(zhì)秸稈復(fù)合墻體材料，秸稈塑料復(fù)合材料等多種秸稈產(chǎn)品。
 
　　飼料化——“用了玉米秸稈青貯的飼料后，我們飼養(yǎng)的肉牛比以前更壯實(shí)了！”山東省無棣縣小泊頭鎮(zhèn)梁鄭王村的無棣大草原養(yǎng)殖專業(yè)合作社理事長(zhǎng)林殿旭高興地說。據(jù)了解，從2013年9月起，無棣大草原養(yǎng)殖專業(yè)合作社每年收購3000余噸玉米秸稈進(jìn)行青貯，用于肉牛飼喂。
 
　　“青貯的飼料中有益菌、蛋白質(zhì)、糖分和粗纖維的軟化功能都比較好，有助于提高肉牛各種微量元素的吸收，提高肉牛的生長(zhǎng)速度和肉的品質(zhì)。”林殿旭告訴記者，“通常一頭肉牛出欄要20個(gè)月左右，每頭能賣1.5萬元左右?，F(xiàn)在用上秸稈青貯飼料，18個(gè)月左右就能出欄，錢一點(diǎn)也不少賣，肉質(zhì)還好”。
 
　　梁鄭王村每畝玉米田僅秸稈就讓農(nóng)戶能多收入200元左右，村里的養(yǎng)殖戶70%以上都采用秸稈青貯的方式養(yǎng)牛。
 
　　基料化——由于秸稈含有豐富的碳、氮、礦物質(zhì)等營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分，且資源豐富、成本低廉，為其基料化利用提供了便利。目前，利用秸稈作為基料栽培的食用菌品種有平菇、雙孢菇、香菇、金針菇、木耳、雞腿菇、杏鮑菇等，栽培技術(shù)成熟，潛力很大。
 
　　從以上五種利用方式來看，秸稈綜合利用的前景很廣闊，但是由于我國(guó)秸稈綜合利用技術(shù)創(chuàng)新不足，利用研究基礎(chǔ)比較薄弱，系統(tǒng)性、規(guī)?；夹g(shù)研究欠缺，科研經(jīng)費(fèi)和科研人員缺乏，制約了我國(guó)秸稈技術(shù)的發(fā)展和產(chǎn)業(yè)化的推進(jìn)。為了提升秸稈的綜合利用率，關(guān)鍵是明確秸稈利用的主導(dǎo)方式。此外，國(guó)家發(fā)改委、農(nóng)業(yè)部等有關(guān)行政管理部門提出，要加快制定農(nóng)作物收獲留茬標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，降低違規(guī)焚燒的可能性。同時(shí)開展關(guān)鍵和共性技術(shù)研發(fā)，對(duì)技術(shù)進(jìn)行集成配套，加大機(jī)械設(shè)備開發(fā)力度，引進(jìn)消化吸收適合我國(guó)國(guó)情的國(guó)外先進(jìn)裝備和技術(shù)。此外還需提高秸稈綜合利用附加值，突破秸稈乙醇、秸稈多糖單糖、秸稈淀粉生產(chǎn)等深層次技術(shù)障礙。
 
　　本文由中國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)編輯整理
 
　　部分資料參考：中國(guó)新能源網(wǎng)、靖江市政府網(wǎng)、經(jīng)濟(jì)日?qǐng)?bào)

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