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《花生機(jī)械化收獲減損技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)》
2024-09-13
10:07:58
來(lái)源:農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化總站 閱讀量:14423
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導(dǎo)讀:我國(guó)花生機(jī)械化收獲水平超過(guò)55%,特別是北方地區(qū)花生機(jī)械化收獲水平超過(guò)80%,成為花生收獲主要生產(chǎn)方式,花生機(jī)械化收獲的損失率、含雜率、破碎率越來(lái)越得到行業(yè)和社會(huì)的關(guān)注。
關(guān)于發(fā)布花生機(jī)械化收獲減損技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)的通知
農(nóng)機(jī)化總站〔2024〕129號(hào)
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我國(guó)花生機(jī)械化收獲水平超過(guò)55%,特別是北方地區(qū)花生機(jī)械化收獲水平超過(guò)80%,成為花生收獲主要生產(chǎn)方式,花生機(jī)械化收獲的損失率、含雜率、破碎率越來(lái)越得到行業(yè)和社會(huì)的關(guān)注。為此,我站組織農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)作物生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化專(zhuān)家指導(dǎo)組花生專(zhuān)業(yè)組,制定了花生機(jī)械化收獲減損技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)。請(qǐng)各花生主產(chǎn)省份農(nóng)機(jī)鑒定推廣機(jī)構(gòu)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況,加強(qiáng)作業(yè)質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)宣貫和技術(shù)培訓(xùn)指導(dǎo),切實(shí)推進(jìn)花生機(jī)械化收獲減損工作,推動(dòng)花生生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化健康發(fā)展。
農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化總站
2024年9月12日
花生機(jī)械化收獲減損技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)
農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化總站
農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)作物生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化專(zhuān)家指導(dǎo)組花生專(zhuān)業(yè)組
本技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)適用于春播、夏播花生機(jī)械化收獲?;ㄉ鷻C(jī)械化收獲減少損失、提高清潔度的關(guān)鍵在于:一是檢查調(diào)試好
收獲機(jī),使機(jī)具在最佳狀態(tài)下高質(zhì)高效作業(yè);二是準(zhǔn)確把握適收期和作業(yè)條件,在最佳的時(shí)機(jī)收獲;三是選擇適宜的機(jī)械化收獲方式與機(jī)具;四是及時(shí)烘干,減少霉變;五是加強(qiáng)機(jī)收培訓(xùn)與監(jiān)督。
一、作業(yè)前機(jī)具檢查調(diào)試
(一)機(jī)具檢查
作業(yè)季節(jié)開(kāi)始前要依據(jù)產(chǎn)品使用說(shuō)明書(shū)對(duì)半喂入花生聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)、全喂入花生撿拾收獲機(jī)、花生
挖掘機(jī)、場(chǎng)上固定式
花生摘果機(jī)進(jìn)行一次全面檢查與保養(yǎng),確保機(jī)具在整個(gè)收獲期能正常工作。
1.針對(duì)自帶動(dòng)力的半喂入花生聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)、全喂入花生撿拾收獲機(jī),駕駛操作前要檢查各操縱裝置功能是否正常;離合器、制動(dòng)踏板自由行程是否適當(dāng);發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)機(jī)油、冷卻液是否適量;有無(wú)漏水、滲漏油現(xiàn)象;儀表板各指示是否正常;輪胎氣壓是否正常;履帶對(duì)軌張緊是否正常;清理散熱器,每班次間隙及時(shí)清理散熱器,將散熱器上的草屑、灰塵清理干凈,防止散熱器堵塞,引起發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)過(guò)熱,水箱溫度過(guò)高;檢查空氣濾清器,每班次前檢查空氣濾清器濾網(wǎng)堵塞情況,做必要清理;檢查各傳動(dòng)鏈、張緊輪是否松動(dòng)或損傷,運(yùn)動(dòng)是否靈活可靠;運(yùn)動(dòng)及連接部分的緊固件和連接件,重要部位螺栓、螺母,有無(wú)松動(dòng);檢查撿拾收獲臺(tái)、挖掘夾拔起秧、機(jī)架等部件有無(wú)變形等;挖掘鏟是否平整鋒利、撿拾彈齒是否變形缺失;果土分離、果秧分離、果雜分離關(guān)鍵部件是否有松脫、變形、損壞;檢查和調(diào)整各輸送皮帶、輸送鏈的張緊度,防止作業(yè)時(shí)打滑失效;對(duì)機(jī)具莢果輸送部位、集果部位的殼體、箱體倉(cāng)體、連接部、周邊間隙等密封性進(jìn)行檢測(cè),避免漏果;備足好田間作業(yè)常用工具、零配件、易損件及燃料等,以便出現(xiàn)故障時(shí)能夠及時(shí)排除。
2.針對(duì)花生挖掘機(jī),重點(diǎn)檢查挖掘、輸送(夾持或升運(yùn))、清土擊振、翻秧和鋪放環(huán)節(jié)關(guān)鍵部件運(yùn)動(dòng)是否順暢可靠。
3.針對(duì)場(chǎng)上固定式花生摘果機(jī),重點(diǎn)檢查動(dòng)力驅(qū)動(dòng)是否可靠;喂料輸送,果、秧、雜分離關(guān)鍵部件是否有松脫、變形、損壞;整體傳動(dòng)運(yùn)行是否順暢可靠。
(二)試收與機(jī)具調(diào)整
正式開(kāi)始作業(yè)前要選擇有代表性的地塊進(jìn)行試收,試收作業(yè)行進(jìn)長(zhǎng)度以50米左右為宜,對(duì)照作業(yè)質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)仔細(xì)檢查試收效果,相關(guān)作業(yè)部件參數(shù)調(diào)整后再次進(jìn)行試收并檢查,直至達(dá)到質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為止。作物品種、田塊條件有變化時(shí)要重新試收和調(diào)試機(jī)具。試收過(guò)程中,應(yīng)注意觀察、傾聽(tīng)機(jī)器工作狀況,發(fā)現(xiàn)異常及時(shí)解決。
1.半喂入花生聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)
檢查總損失率(地面落果率、埋果率、未摘凈率)、含雜率、破碎率,有無(wú)漏收、堵塞、跑漏等異常情況,對(duì)作業(yè)速度和相應(yīng)作業(yè)部件參數(shù)進(jìn)行檢查調(diào)整。
(1)分扶禾器。錐輥式分扶禾器的兩側(cè)距離要根據(jù)植株?duì)顟B(tài)、壟面寬度等條件合理調(diào)節(jié)。距離過(guò)小,有些倒伏秧蔓漏在錐輥外側(cè),造成漏夾損失現(xiàn)象;距離過(guò)大,錐輥前端不能緊貼地面,秧蔓從錐輥下漏過(guò),同樣造成漏夾損失現(xiàn)象。
(2)挖掘鏟。通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)挖掘鏟上下移動(dòng)、左右轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)位置調(diào)整挖掘點(diǎn)、入土深度及鏟間距,確認(rèn)松土鏟尖在夾持拔取口稍前方,確保在拔取前可有效松土與鏟斷主根,減少拔取損失。
(3)夾拔起秧輸送鏈。根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)胤N植農(nóng)藝和植株特性合理調(diào)節(jié)夾拔起秧輸送鏈喂入口夾持角,以防角度過(guò)小導(dǎo)致收獲漏夾持現(xiàn)象或角度過(guò)大導(dǎo)致推秧現(xiàn)象;檢查夾持輸送鏈部件與行走系統(tǒng)同路傳動(dòng)的可靠性,作業(yè)時(shí)根據(jù)實(shí)際輸送是否順暢,實(shí)時(shí)調(diào)整行走速度。
(4)清土機(jī)構(gòu)。根據(jù)作業(yè)時(shí)的土壤條件、植株特性,合理調(diào)整清土機(jī)構(gòu)頻率和角振幅,在落果損失率適當(dāng)時(shí)盡可能確保較低的帶土率。
(5)摘果輥。根據(jù)觀察收獲時(shí)表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的花生果柄連接強(qiáng)度、果殼強(qiáng)度等生物特性,合理調(diào)整摘果輥間距、轉(zhuǎn)速、與夾持鏈的夾角等參數(shù),盡可能減低破碎率和提高摘凈率。
(6)清選系統(tǒng)。通過(guò)調(diào)整清選風(fēng)機(jī)進(jìn)風(fēng)口調(diào)節(jié)板或風(fēng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速,合理調(diào)整清選風(fēng)機(jī)風(fēng)量,秧蔓潮濕時(shí)風(fēng)量應(yīng)調(diào)大,干燥時(shí)應(yīng)適當(dāng)調(diào)小,風(fēng)向應(yīng)調(diào)至清選篩的中前方;通過(guò)調(diào)整清選篩曲柄轉(zhuǎn)速、調(diào)換偏心套,合理調(diào)整清選篩振幅、振頻,降低清選吹出損失和含雜率。
2.全喂入花生撿拾收獲機(jī)
檢查總損失率(地面落果率、未摘凈率)、含雜率、破碎率,有無(wú)漏收、堵塞、跑漏等異常情況,對(duì)作業(yè)速度和相應(yīng)作業(yè)部件參數(shù)進(jìn)行檢查調(diào)整。
(1)撿拾收獲臺(tái)。通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)限深輪上下高度,合理調(diào)整撿拾收獲臺(tái)離地間隙;合理調(diào)整壓秧器與撿拾彈齒組配距離、撿拾彈齒與輸送攪龍組配距離以及撿拾彈齒、輸送攪龍的轉(zhuǎn)速,確保撿拾收獲臺(tái)壓秧、撿拾、輸送交接作業(yè)順暢,以提高撿拾收獲環(huán)節(jié)撿拾率、降低落果損失。
(2)摘果滾筒。根據(jù)花生果秧田間晾曬后干濕狀態(tài)、喂入量大小和摘果效果,合理調(diào)整摘果滾筒轉(zhuǎn)速及滾筒與凹板篩的摘果間隙,在提高摘凈率、減少夾帶損失的前提下減少莢果破碎破損,同時(shí)可以降低清選篩負(fù)荷,保證最佳的收獲作業(yè)效果。
(3)清選系統(tǒng)。應(yīng)根據(jù)花生果秧田間晾曬后干濕狀態(tài)和喂入量大小等,通過(guò)調(diào)整清選風(fēng)機(jī)進(jìn)風(fēng)口調(diào)節(jié)板或風(fēng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速,合理調(diào)整清選風(fēng)機(jī)風(fēng)量;通過(guò)調(diào)整清選篩曲柄轉(zhuǎn)速、調(diào)換偏心套,合理調(diào)整清選篩振幅、振頻,以降低清選吹出損失和含雜率。合理調(diào)節(jié)復(fù)選機(jī)械式提升裝置的橫向攪龍輸送和垂直提升部件的速度及組配位置,避免輸送過(guò)程中及交接處對(duì)莢果造成擠壓損失。
(4)莢果輸送裝置。應(yīng)根據(jù)喂入量、莢果輸送量大小和輸送效果等,合理調(diào)節(jié)氣力提升式莢果輸送裝置風(fēng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速以調(diào)整輸送管道內(nèi)風(fēng)壓和風(fēng)量,保證順暢輸送作業(yè)的前提下避免莢果與管壁碰撞、莢果間擠壓造成的莢果損傷。
3.花生挖掘機(jī)
檢查地面落果率、埋果率、含土率,有無(wú)壅土阻塞、秧蔓纏繞,對(duì)作業(yè)速度和相應(yīng)作業(yè)部件參數(shù)進(jìn)行檢查調(diào)整。
(1)升運(yùn)鏈?zhǔn)交ㄉ诰驒C(jī)。根據(jù)土質(zhì)條件、壟形條件、不同品種根系形態(tài)等,合理調(diào)節(jié)限深輪上下高度、三點(diǎn)懸掛的上拉桿長(zhǎng)短,保證挖掘鏟具有合適的入土角和入土深度,減小挖掘入土阻力,確保鏟入花生根底部不鏟斷莢果,避免埋果損失;調(diào)整保證挖掘鏟入土角與輸送分離升運(yùn)鏈升運(yùn)角一致,避免鏟后積土,確保作業(yè)順暢;根據(jù)清土效果,合理調(diào)節(jié)升運(yùn)鏈擊振清土裝置的振頻振幅,降低含土率;合理調(diào)整攏禾?hào)沤嵌确较颍WC挖掘后的花生植株達(dá)到整齊歸攏條鋪田間效果,并盡可能使莢果朝上秧蔓在下鋪放,利于提高田間晾曬效率和減少后續(xù)撿拾收獲落果損失。具有翻秧功能的挖掘機(jī),應(yīng)調(diào)整好升運(yùn)鏈、翻秧輥的速度和翻秧柵的位置和姿勢(shì),盡可能使莢果朝上鋪放晾曬。
(2)鏟拔起秧花生條鋪機(jī)。合理調(diào)節(jié)夾拔起秧輸送鏈喂入口夾持角、夾拔起秧輸送鏈和挖掘鏟的組配位置,確保挖掘鏟斷主根與夾拔起秧輸送順暢配合,避免落果埋果損失;合理調(diào)整尾部攏禾?hào)沤嵌确较?,保證花生植株整齊條鋪效果。
4.場(chǎng)上固定式花生摘果機(jī)
檢查含雜率、破碎率、未摘凈損失率、清選損失率,對(duì)作業(yè)速度和相應(yīng)作業(yè)部件參數(shù)進(jìn)行檢查調(diào)整。
(1)全喂入花生摘果機(jī)。根據(jù)花生果秧田間晾曬后干濕狀態(tài)、喂入量大小和摘果效果,合理調(diào)整摘果滾筒的轉(zhuǎn)速,在提高摘凈率、減少夾帶損失的前提下減少莢果破碎破損。
(2)半喂入花生摘果機(jī)。根據(jù)喂入量大小和喂入植株料層厚度,合理調(diào)節(jié)夾持輸送鏈的輸送速度,盡可能在提升作業(yè)效率的同時(shí)保證摘凈率。根據(jù)觀察對(duì)輥摘果時(shí)表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的花生果柄連接強(qiáng)度、果殼強(qiáng)度等生物特性,合理調(diào)整摘果輥間距、轉(zhuǎn)速、摘果輥與夾持鏈的夾角等參數(shù),盡可能降低破碎率和提高摘凈率。
二、確定適宜收獲時(shí)間和條件
花生機(jī)械化收獲適宜時(shí)間和條件應(yīng)根據(jù)花生生長(zhǎng)情況、土壤和氣候條件來(lái)確定。
(一)準(zhǔn)確判斷花生適宜收獲期
花生收獲過(guò)早,會(huì)影響產(chǎn)量和質(zhì)量;收獲過(guò)晚,落果嚴(yán)重,影響商品性,進(jìn)行機(jī)械收獲時(shí)容易出現(xiàn)地下埋果。一般當(dāng)花生植株表現(xiàn)衰老,頂端停止生長(zhǎng),上部葉和莖稈變黃,大部分莢果果殼硬化,網(wǎng)紋清晰,種皮變薄,籽仁呈現(xiàn)品種特征、70%的莢果已經(jīng)成熟時(shí)即可收獲。如果需要田間晾曬后熟,可提前2~3天進(jìn)行機(jī)械挖掘。如果收獲后的花生做種用,則可適當(dāng)提前3~5天收獲。
(二)選擇適宜機(jī)收土壤和天氣條件
土壤墑情影響機(jī)械收獲。當(dāng)土壤絕對(duì)含水率在10%~18%,手握能成團(tuán),手搓較松散,即適合機(jī)械收獲;當(dāng)土壤含水率過(guò)高,機(jī)械作業(yè)阻力大、功耗大、含雜率高,不適合機(jī)械收獲;當(dāng)含水率過(guò)低且土壤板結(jié)時(shí),機(jī)械收獲落果埋果較多,可適度灌溉補(bǔ)墑,調(diào)節(jié)土壤含水率后進(jìn)行機(jī)械收獲。要密切關(guān)注天氣變化,盡可能避免或減少降雨天氣的作業(yè)時(shí)間。
三、選擇適宜的機(jī)械化收獲方式與機(jī)具
作業(yè)前要實(shí)地察看田塊情況(大小、形狀等)、土壤情況(土質(zhì)、含水率等)、種植模式(壟作、平作、覆膜、不覆膜等)、花生品種(直立性、半匍匐型等)、生物特性(植株高度、根系深度、結(jié)果范圍、果柄強(qiáng)度、秧柄強(qiáng)度等)、長(zhǎng)勢(shì)狀態(tài)(秧蔓倒伏、秧枝蔓行等)、莢果產(chǎn)量、秧蔓產(chǎn)量等,盡可能做到基本了解,選擇合適的機(jī)械化收獲方式和機(jī)具,調(diào)試好機(jī)具狀態(tài)。作業(yè)過(guò)程中,嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行作業(yè)質(zhì)量要求,隨時(shí)查看作業(yè)效果,發(fā)現(xiàn)損失變多等情況要及時(shí)調(diào)整機(jī)具參數(shù),使機(jī)具保持良好狀態(tài),保證收獲作業(yè)低損、高效。
(一)檢查作業(yè)田塊
檢查去除田里木樁、石塊等硬雜物,了解田塊的泥腳情況,對(duì)可能造成陷車(chē)或傾翻、跌落的地方做出標(biāo)識(shí),以保證安全作業(yè)。對(duì)地塊中的溝渠、田埂、通道等予以平整,并將地里水井、電桿拉線、樹(shù)樁等不明顯障礙進(jìn)行標(biāo)記。
(二)選擇適宜的收獲方式與機(jī)具
花生機(jī)械化收獲方式主要有“一段式”和“兩段式”收獲兩種。機(jī)械收獲前要根據(jù)產(chǎn)地實(shí)際需求和作業(yè)條件選擇適宜的機(jī)械化收獲方式與機(jī)具。
1.“一段式”機(jī)械化收獲
主要是采用半喂入花生聯(lián)合收獲機(jī),一次完成挖掘起秧、秧果輸送、清土、摘果、清選、集果和秧蔓成條鋪放。采用該收獲方式具有以下優(yōu)點(diǎn):一是減少機(jī)具下地次數(shù),降低作業(yè)成本;二是降低破損率和裂莢率;三是減少作物占地時(shí)間,利于快速騰地倒茬;四是在挖掘起秧和摘果環(huán)節(jié)有效實(shí)現(xiàn)秧膜分離。半喂入花生聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)作業(yè)質(zhì)量要達(dá)到總損失率≤3.2%、含雜率≤4%、破碎率≤2%。
該收獲方式適用于以下需求和產(chǎn)地條件:花生收獲后為鮮食、種用和烘烤需求;壟作覆膜種植、收獲后秧蔓飼料化利用需求大;土壤為團(tuán)粒結(jié)構(gòu)較好的沙土或沙壤土,以利于起秧和果土分離減少損失,要求土壤絕對(duì)含水率為8%~15%;搶收搶種、不具備田間晾曬占地時(shí)間條件;具有一定干燥設(shè)備條件。
采用“一段式”機(jī)械化收獲方式時(shí),收獲后的花生莢果含水率較高,需要及時(shí)烘干,使莢果含水率降至10%以下,或及時(shí)冷藏,或加工制熟,防止霉變。
2.“兩段式”機(jī)械化收獲
主要采用花生挖掘機(jī)(田間晾曬)+全喂入花生撿拾收獲機(jī),或花生挖掘機(jī)(田間晾曬)+人工撿拾+花生摘果機(jī),或花生挖掘機(jī)(鮮秧)+人工撿拾+半喂入花生摘果機(jī)。采用該收獲方式具有較廣泛適應(yīng)性、利于提高生產(chǎn)效率、降低農(nóng)藝要求、減少后期干燥成本、較好發(fā)揮花生后熟效應(yīng)等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。“兩段式”花生挖掘機(jī)作業(yè)質(zhì)量要達(dá)到總損失率≤3%、埋果率≤2%、含土率≤20%;全喂入花生撿拾收獲機(jī)作業(yè)質(zhì)量要達(dá)到總損失率≤5%、含雜率≤8%、破碎率≤5%;花生摘果機(jī)作業(yè)質(zhì)量要達(dá)到含雜率≤2%、破碎率(濕摘)≤3.5%、破碎率(干摘)≤4%、未摘凈損失率(濕摘)≤1.2%、清選損失率(干摘)≤1%。
該收獲方式適用于以下需求和產(chǎn)地條件:對(duì)莢果破損率和完整性要求相對(duì)較低;具備田間晾曬占地時(shí)間條件;既可壟作也可平作,種植模式、田間管理等標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化生產(chǎn)程度相對(duì)較低;干燥設(shè)備條件不充足。其中,對(duì)于北方規(guī)模產(chǎn)地、油用需求,適合采用花生挖掘機(jī)(田間晾曬)+全喂入花生撿拾收獲機(jī);對(duì)于小田塊分散種植、油用需求,適合采用花生挖掘機(jī)(田間晾曬)+人工撿拾+花生摘果機(jī);對(duì)于丘陵山區(qū)小田塊種植,鮮食、烘烤和種用需求,可采用花生挖掘機(jī)(鮮秧)+人工撿拾+半喂入花生摘果機(jī)。
采用“兩段式”機(jī)械化收獲方式時(shí),對(duì)于油用花生,花生挖掘機(jī)完成挖掘起秧后,需要將秧蔓在田間晾曬3~5天,使莢果含水率降低到20%以下(通常以手搖莢果,可以聽(tīng)到莢果內(nèi)籽仁搖動(dòng)響聲為準(zhǔn)),再用全喂入花生撿拾收獲機(jī)完成撿拾摘果收獲,或人工撿拾收集秧果后用場(chǎng)上固定式花生摘果機(jī)完成摘果,此時(shí)花生莢果含水率較低,收獲后經(jīng)簡(jiǎn)單晾曬后即可貯藏。
四、培訓(xùn)與監(jiān)督
機(jī)手、種植戶和從事收獲質(zhì)量監(jiān)督的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)農(nóng)機(jī)管理人員應(yīng)經(jīng)過(guò)培訓(xùn),掌握花生品種、含水率、種植模式、收獲地形等方面的農(nóng)藝知識(shí),掌握各類(lèi)花生收獲機(jī)具的正確使用、維護(hù)保養(yǎng)知識(shí)以及作業(yè)質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求?;ㄉ斋@機(jī)具出廠時(shí)應(yīng)配有可指導(dǎo)機(jī)手正確使用與維護(hù)保養(yǎng)的詳盡使用說(shuō)明書(shū),機(jī)具制造企業(yè)還應(yīng)配有良好的售后服務(wù)隊(duì)伍,在農(nóng)民購(gòu)機(jī)用機(jī)時(shí)開(kāi)展規(guī)范化操作培訓(xùn)。鼓勵(lì)種植戶與機(jī)手簽訂收獲作業(yè)質(zhì)量協(xié)議,鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)農(nóng)機(jī)管理人員可通過(guò)巡回檢查監(jiān)督作業(yè)質(zhì)量等情況,并在損失偏大、含雜過(guò)多或出現(xiàn)其他不合乎要求情形時(shí),要求機(jī)手調(diào)整,仍然不合要求的,應(yīng)更換作業(yè)機(jī)器。
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