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2024年大豆后期田間管理技術(shù)意見

2024-09-02 09:55:58 來源：全國農(nóng)技中心 閱讀量：19471 評論

導(dǎo)讀：全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心會(huì)同農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部大豆專家指導(dǎo)組，研究提出2024年大豆后期田間管理技術(shù)意見。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 當(dāng)前，大豆正處于結(jié)莢鼓粒期，為產(chǎn)量形成的關(guān)鍵期。離大面積收獲還要經(jīng)受早霜凍害、干旱澇災(zāi)、臺風(fēng)倒伏、病蟲危害等考驗(yàn)。為此，全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心會(huì)同農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部大豆專家指導(dǎo)組，研究提出2024年大豆后期田間管理技術(shù)意見。
 
　　增粒重促早熟
 
　　一般的地塊可施用磷酸二氫鉀水溶性肥混配釀造醋，有利于增粒重、促早熟。長勢偏弱地塊，在施用噴施磷酸二氫鉀基礎(chǔ)上，可混配蕓苔素內(nèi)酯植物生長調(diào)節(jié)劑、氨基酸類水溶肥料或氨基寡糖、香菇多糖等營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)，增強(qiáng)大豆抗逆能力。病蟲害發(fā)生嚴(yán)重地塊，根據(jù)監(jiān)測結(jié)果和防治指標(biāo)，選擇合適對路藥劑。霜霉病等葉部病害可選吡唑醚菌酯、苯醚甲環(huán)唑等藥劑；大豆菌核病可選用菌核凈、異菌脲、咯菌腈、丙環(huán)唑等藥劑；對局部蚜蟲、紅蜘蛛蟲量較高達(dá)到防治指標(biāo)的地塊，可分別用啶蟲脒(或噻蟲嗪)和阿維菌素(或噠螨靈)防治。黃淮海和長江流域需加強(qiáng)點(diǎn)蜂緣蝽、煙粉虱、二條葉甲等蟲害防治，蟲口達(dá)到閾值地塊可選用噻蟲嗪或吡蟲啉可濕性粉劑田間噴霧防控。
 
　　防早霜防倒伏
 
　　東北地區(qū)需密切關(guān)注天氣變化，做好促早熟，防范早霜危害。早霜來臨前，可葉面噴施磷酸二氫鉀或抗寒制劑，土壤墑情偏差地塊要及時(shí)澆水補(bǔ)墑、以水調(diào)溫，減輕低溫影響。早霜發(fā)生時(shí)，有條件的地方，可在地塊上風(fēng)口用秸稈、樹葉、雜草等作燃料造煙提高近地溫度防霜。早霜發(fā)生后，葉片受損較輕地塊可噴施蕓苔素內(nèi)酯等生長調(diào)節(jié)劑，葉片受損嚴(yán)重地塊可割倒晾曬，促進(jìn)物質(zhì)向籽粒轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)，減少產(chǎn)量損失。田間有大草的可人工拔除，有利于通風(fēng)透光，促進(jìn)早熟。遇臺風(fēng)造成倒伏時(shí)，要因地因情施策。倒伏嚴(yán)重的，不宜人工扶起，以免植株折斷，造成更大的產(chǎn)量損失；倒伏輕微的，可人工適當(dāng)扶起，兩行對扶，并培土施肥。
 
　　抗干旱防澇災(zāi)
 
　　做好防災(zāi)減災(zāi)預(yù)案，高度關(guān)注旱澇急轉(zhuǎn)情況的發(fā)生，積極應(yīng)對澇災(zāi)、旱災(zāi)等各種危害，切實(shí)減少災(zāi)害對大豆生產(chǎn)的影響。東北地區(qū)近期降雨頻繁、短時(shí)強(qiáng)降雨增多，對受澇地塊要及時(shí)采取挖排水溝、疏通溝渠和機(jī)械強(qiáng)排等措施，搶排積水降漬，并及時(shí)追肥，養(yǎng)根護(hù)葉。受淹地塊注意及時(shí)選擇對癥藥劑防治根腐病、菌核病等病害。長江流域近期持續(xù)高溫干旱，有灌溉條件的要及時(shí)澆水降溫，減少鼓粒不良等情況發(fā)生。
 
　　適時(shí)收獲減損
 
　　當(dāng)植株葉片基本脫落、搖動(dòng)時(shí)有響鈴聲、籽粒含水量降為18%以下時(shí)進(jìn)行機(jī)械收獲。收獲時(shí)避開露水，防止籽粒粘附泥土，影響外觀品質(zhì)；避開中午高溫時(shí)段，以免炸莢造成損失。建議選用大豆專用收割機(jī)或者配備大豆專用收獲割臺的收割機(jī)收獲，以不漏莢、不丟枝為原則，盡量放低割臺。作業(yè)前要調(diào)整作業(yè)部件和參數(shù)，檢查機(jī)具狀態(tài)，減少故障率，提高收獲質(zhì)量和效率。

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