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遼寧省農業(yè)農村廳關于印發(fā)《設施農業(yè)災后恢復生產技術指導意見》的通知

2021-11-18 09:16:44 來源：遼寧省農業(yè)農村廳 閱讀量：15508 評論

導讀：11月7-9日，我省出現歷史罕見特大暴雪、雨雪冰凍、寒潮天氣，最大降雪量80.3毫米，此次暴雪天氣被評估為一級暴雪災害，對設施農業(yè)造成不利影響。

　　【農機網 通知公告】 各市農業(yè)農村局：
 
　　11月7-9日，我省出現歷史罕見特大暴雪、雨雪冰凍、寒潮天氣，最大降雪量80.3毫米，此次暴雪天氣被評估為一級暴雪災害，對設施農業(yè)造成不利影響。為做好災后恢復生產，省農業(yè)農村廳組織沈陽農業(yè)大學、省現代農業(yè)工程中心、省農科院專家制定了《設施農業(yè)災后恢復生產技術指導意見》，現印發(fā)給你們，請結合當地實際，因地制宜指導做好災后恢復生產工作。
 
　　遼寧省農業(yè)農村廳
 
　　2021年11月11日
 
設施農業(yè)災后恢復生產技術指導意見
 
　　受東北冷渦及地面氣旋強烈發(fā)展影響，11月7日至9日我省出現歷史罕見特大暴雪、雨雪冰凍、寒潮天氣，極端天氣過程強度大、時間長、范圍廣、危害重，對我省設施農業(yè)生產和“菜籃子”產品保供造成不利影響。為做好設施農業(yè)災后恢復生產，提出如下技術指導意見。
 
　　一、及早安全清除積雪
 
　　各地要組織指導棚戶、設施農業(yè)園區(qū)企業(yè)迅速清除棚室上面積雪。清除積雪時務必以確保作業(yè)人員安全為前提，特別是需要攀上棚頂踩踏棚架除雪的，必須事先采取棚內支柱加固等措施，避免發(fā)生坍塌，造成人員傷害。要加大除雪機具調度，組織力量盡快清運設施棚區(qū)四周和主要通路的積雪，要清凈、清遠，以防積雪融化導致棚室四周積水、淤濕現象，確保田管作業(yè)和棚菜運輸車輛的正常通行。
 
　　二、盡快修復受損棚室
 
　　暴雪災害主要導致棚室棚架坍塌、受損。各地要盡快組織力量，對受損骨架、棚膜、墻體裂縫部位進行修復，對溫室中柱等薄弱部位進行加固。對鋼鐵骨架受損明顯的，原則上要重新制作。同時，要對棚內外電路及卷簾機、放風、照明、補光等用電機具設備全面仔細檢查、檢修，有故障要及時修繕排除。對老舊棚室，尤其要注意隱患排查。各地要力爭用最短的時間修復棚室，及早恢復正常生產。這次提早到來的極端天氣過程，為尚未迎來隆冬的日光溫室蔬菜生產敲響了警鐘，經營者要提高棚室修復標準，按標準設計施工，進一步加固設施設備，以防再次遭遇災害性天氣而受損。
 
　　三、強化天氣放晴初期管理
 
　　這次連續(xù)陰雪天氣時間長，保溫覆蓋時間較長，因此天氣驟晴后要注意采取間隔、交替揭開日光溫室保溫覆蓋物或逐漸打開保溫覆蓋物的方式，不能立即全部揭開保溫覆蓋物，以防作物葉片在強光下失水萎蔫。若揭開保溫覆蓋物后發(fā)現葉片萎蔫應隨即回蓋保溫覆蓋物，待植株恢復后再逐步揭開，同時及時恢復通風排濕。一般1～2天后可回歸正常管理。待植株適應后，葉面適當噴施0.2%磷酸二氫鉀+0.3%尿素+0.3%氨基酸(或食用米醋)類葉面肥。
 
　　四、加強雪后日常田間管理
 
　　雪后恢復正常管理后，要重點做好日光溫室蓄熱保溫、光照、作物肥水、通風降濕等管理工作。
 
　　一是要加強日光溫室蓄熱保溫管理。暴雪后，常常伴隨急劇降溫，除了維護和加強日光溫室保溫覆蓋外，在進出門設棉門簾、內外增設簡易緩沖間或圍擋，密閉溫室縫隙，前底腳圍“裙簾”，溫室內張掛二道幕等等，全面提高日光溫室的蓄熱保溫抗寒能力。條件允許的，要預備燃熱塊、燃油或燃煤熱風爐、移動式電熱風機、各種取暖器等應急加熱設備。
 
　　二是要加強日光溫室光照管理。在溫度允許情況下要盡量早揭和晚蓋日光溫室保溫覆蓋物，延長光照時間。揭保溫覆蓋物時間應以揭開保溫覆蓋物后溫室內溫度不下降為宜；同時要適時蓋保溫覆蓋物，保溫性能好的日光溫室，外界夜間最低氣溫在0～-15℃季節(jié)應在日光溫室內溫度降至15～17℃時蓋保溫覆蓋物；夜間最低氣溫在-15℃以下季節(jié)應在日光溫室內溫度降至17～19℃時蓋保溫覆蓋物；保溫不良的日光溫室應更早蓋保溫覆蓋物。及時清潔棚膜，重點在溫室的前立窗。
 
　　三是要加強肥水科學管理。冬季要嚴格日光溫室蔬菜肥水管理，在最低氣溫-15℃以下的季節(jié)，一般盡量少澆水。應在最低氣溫-10℃以上季節(jié)選擇晴天澆透水，覆蓋地膜保墑。如果蔬菜表現缺水，應選寒流剛過天氣晴朗的好天，采用膜下滴灌或膜下澆小水，以免降低地溫。出現陰雪天氣時，日光溫室內地氣溫均較低，蔬菜根系吸收能力弱且生長發(fā)育緩慢，應盡量少進行土壤追肥，但可適當進行葉面追肥，以緩解由于低溫寡照導致蔬菜生長發(fā)育不良。
 
　　四是要強化控濕防病。出現持續(xù)陰雪低溫天氣時，日光溫室內空氣濕度大，易誘發(fā)病害，應在中午短時間通風排濕，控制病害發(fā)生；特別注意室內15～25℃溫度范圍空氣相對濕度控制在90%以下；發(fā)病后宜選用煙霧劑、粉塵劑防治，以利于均勻施藥和避免溫室內空氣濕度過高。此外，在溫室內壟溝中，盡可能鋪墊玉米與稻麥碎秸稈、稻殼、鋸末等吸濕物料，降低溫室內濕度。
 
　　五是要采取增加地溫促根壯秧措施。若日光溫室尚處在耕整土地和定植階段，要注重增加地溫。一般采用增施有機肥及有機物料、寬行栽培、高畦大壟、地膜覆蓋、壟溝鋪設有機物料(鋸末、稻殼、碎秸稈)、膜下滴灌、定植前澆水造墑后再定植秧苗，推薦定植秧苗前進行殺菌殺蟲藥劑沾根。
 
　　六是要控制溫室早晨揭保溫被(草苫)后氣溫提升速度。早晨揭保溫被后控制氣溫快速上升，見溫室內氣溫開始上升要開細小放風口，控制每小時增溫速度盡量不超過4℃。要堅持早放風，放細小風。一旦出現棚室溫度過高，不可立刻加大放風口快速放風，要慢速回到正常溫度。晚上放保溫被前先防風10~15分鐘后再放下保溫被，并盡量延晚放下保溫被。

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