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農機維修 錯誤做法要不得

2020-05-12 11:47:03 來源：中國農機推廣網(wǎng) 閱讀量：22020 評論

導讀：　一些維修人員由于對農業(yè)機械結構、原理不清楚，不認真分析故障原因，不能準確判斷故障部位，憑著“大概、差不多”的思想盲目對農機大拆大卸，結果不但原故障未排除，而且由于維修技能和工藝較差，又出現(xiàn)新的問題。

　　【農機網(wǎng) 熱點關注】 一、不能正確判斷分析故障，盲目大拆大卸的現(xiàn)象司空見慣。
 
　　一些維修人員由于對農業(yè)機械結構、原理不清楚，不認真分析故障原因，不能準確判斷故障部位，憑著“大概、差不多”的思想盲目對農機大拆大卸，結果不但原故障未排除，而且由于維修技能和工藝較差，又出現(xiàn)新的問題。如某小麥聯(lián)合收割機柴油機動力不足、收割機無法工作的故障。維修人員拆卸分解了PT噴油泵和噴油器也沒有找到故障原因，更換1個噴油泵試驗，故障依舊。后檢查故障是由于所用柴油內部雜質、水分過多引起。而此次拆卸卻導致PT噴油泵的性能明顯下降，柴油發(fā)電機功率不足。
 
　　因此，當農業(yè)機械出現(xiàn)故障后，要通過檢測設備進行檢測；如無檢測設備，可通過“問、看、查、試”等傳統(tǒng)的故障判斷方法和手段，結合設備的結構和工作原理，確定可能發(fā)生故障的部位。
 
　　在判定農機故障時，一般常用“排除法”和“比較法”，按照從簡單到復雜、先外表后內部、先總成再部件的順序進行，切忌“不問青紅皂白，盲目大拆大卸”。
 
　　二、不注意檢測零部件配合間隙的現(xiàn)象為數(shù)不少。
 
　　比如，在常用柴油發(fā)電機組維修中，活塞與缸套配合間隙、活塞環(huán)“三隙”、活塞頂隙、氣門間隙、柱塞余隙、制動蹄片間隙、主從動齒輪嚙合間隙、軸承軸向和徑向間隙、氣門桿與氣門導管配合間隙等，各類機型都有嚴格的要求，在維修時必須進行測量，對不符合間隙要求的零部件要進行調整或更換。
 
　　而實際維修工作中，不測量配合間隙而盲目裝配零部件的現(xiàn)象為數(shù)不少，導致軸承早期磨損或燒蝕、柴油發(fā)動機燒機油、起動困難或爆燃、活塞環(huán)折斷、機件撞擊、漏油、漏氣等故障。有時甚至會因零部件配合間隙不當，導致機械嚴重損壞事故的發(fā)生。
 
　　三、盲目更換零部件，一味換件修理的現(xiàn)象不同程度存在。
 
　　農機故障的判斷和排除相對困難一些，有些維修人員一貫采用換件試驗的方法，不論大件小件，只要認為可能是導致故障的零部件，一個一個更換試驗。結果非但故障沒排除，且把不該更換的零部件隨意更換了，增加了維修費。
 
　　有些故障零部件完全可以通過修理恢復其技術性能，如齒輪油泵等出現(xiàn)故障，不需要復雜修理工藝即可修復。在維修時，應根據(jù)故障現(xiàn)象認真分析判斷故障原因及部位，對能修復的零部件要采取修理的方法恢復技術性能，杜絕盲目更換零部件的做法。
 
　　四、農機裝配時零部件裝反的情況時有發(fā)生。
 
　　在維修設備時，一些零部件裝配有著嚴格的方向要求；只有正確安裝，才能保證零部件正常工作。有些零部件外部特征不明顯，正反都可以安裝，在實際工作中時常出現(xiàn)裝反的情況，導致零件早期損壞、機械不能正常工作、農機損壞事故等。如發(fā)動機氣缸襯墊、不等距氣門彈簧、發(fā)動機活塞、活塞環(huán)、風扇葉片、齒輪油泵側板、骨架油封、止推墊圈、止推軸承、止推墊片、擋油圈、噴油泵柱塞、離合器摩擦片盤轂、傳動軸萬向節(jié)等零部件在安裝時，如不了解結構及安裝注意事項，易裝反。致使裝配后工作不正常，導致農機故障的發(fā)生。
 
　　因此，維修人員在裝配零部件時，一定要掌握零部件的結構及安裝方向要求，不可想當然盲目安裝。
 
　　五、維修方法不正規(guī)，“治標不治本”仍是一些維修網(wǎng)點的習慣。
 
　　在維修農業(yè)機械時，一些維修人員不采取正確的維修方法，認為應急措施是萬能的，以“應急”代“維修”，“治標不治本”的現(xiàn)象還很多。如經(jīng)常遇到的“以焊代修”，就是一例。一些部件本可進行修理，但有些維修人員圖省事，卻常采用“焊死”的方法；為了使柴油發(fā)動機“有勁”，人為調大噴油泵的供油量和調高噴油器噴油壓力。
 
　　這些不正規(guī)的維修方法只能應急，卻不可長期使用，必須從根本上查出故障原因，采取正規(guī)的維修方法排除故障，應引起維修人員的注意。(陜西省岐山縣農機技術推廣服務中心  王發(fā)明)

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