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洪水猛獸還是謙謙君子？資本下鄉(xiāng)到底是富了農(nóng)民還是肥了資本

2019-08-29 17:14:56 來源：農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 作者：四夕 閱讀量：45560 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：從轟轟烈烈的勞動(dòng)力下鄉(xiāng)，再到產(chǎn)能下鄉(xiāng)，如今，無疑是資本下鄉(xiāng)的時(shí)代。伴隨著城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展進(jìn)程的進(jìn)一步加快，我國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)人口顯著下降，農(nóng)村老齡化和“空心化”問題日益凸顯。但是，不可否認(rèn)的是，不論是從國(guó)土面積看還是從人口分布上來看，農(nóng)村地區(qū)和農(nóng)業(yè)人口依然占據(jù)著不可撼動(dòng)的位置。與此同時(shí)，糧食安全的國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略地位仍然非常牢固，農(nóng)業(yè)市場(chǎng)需求依然強(qiáng)勁，并且備受政策重視。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 編輯視角】從轟轟烈烈的勞動(dòng)力下鄉(xiāng)，再到產(chǎn)能下鄉(xiāng)，如今，無疑是資本下鄉(xiāng)的時(shí)代。伴隨著城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展進(jìn)程的進(jìn)一步加快，我國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)人口顯著下降，農(nóng)村老齡化和“空心化”問題日益凸顯。但是，不可否認(rèn)的是，不論是從國(guó)土面積看還是從人口分布上來看，農(nóng)村地區(qū)和農(nóng)業(yè)人口依然占據(jù)著不可撼動(dòng)的位置。與此同時(shí)，糧食安全的國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略地位仍然非常牢固，農(nóng)業(yè)市場(chǎng)需求依然強(qiáng)勁，并且備受政策重視。
 
　　在市場(chǎng)培育、政策紅利以及資本驅(qū)動(dòng)等因素的推動(dòng)下，高達(dá)萬億的農(nóng)業(yè)市場(chǎng)成功被“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+”激活，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)與農(nóng)業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)了深度融合，并且強(qiáng)勢(shì)崛起，無數(shù)資本紛紛跨界進(jìn)入農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域。
 
　　巨頭競(jìng)相布局農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域
 
　　2009年，網(wǎng)易CEO丁磊高調(diào)宣布跨界養(yǎng)殖行業(yè)。而后，攜手美團(tuán)CEO王興創(chuàng)立品牌“長(zhǎng)汀河田飛機(jī)”，并于2018年5月7日正式登陸京東和網(wǎng)易考拉平臺(tái)。
 
　　2010年，聯(lián)想控股董事長(zhǎng)柳傳志宣布開始涉足現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)投資領(lǐng)域。2015年，聯(lián)想控股在農(nóng)業(yè)板塊宣布盈利。
 
　　2012年，劉強(qiáng)東在微博宣布回宿遷老家種大米。2015年初，京東開始在全國(guó)建立自營(yíng)的“縣級(jí)服務(wù)中心”。同年8月9日，上線“農(nóng)資頻道”，提供種子、農(nóng)藥、化肥、農(nóng)具等產(chǎn)品的電商服務(wù)。2017年劉強(qiáng)東的“跑步雞”在京東生鮮上一出現(xiàn)，便處于“秒清”狀態(tài)。同年6月，京東集團(tuán)與日本三菱化學(xué)控股集團(tuán)簽約，雙方將在水培蔬菜領(lǐng)域展開業(yè)務(wù)合作。
 
　　2013年底，阿里巴巴出資千萬人民幣投資生鮮電商易果網(wǎng)。2014年，由阿里巴巴董事局主席馬云聯(lián)合發(fā)起的云鋒基金以及中信產(chǎn)業(yè)投資基金斥資20億參與投資伊利子公司畜牧公司開養(yǎng)奶牛。2014年，阿里巴巴正式推出“千縣萬村”計(jì)劃，構(gòu)建農(nóng)村電商服務(wù)體系。2018年2月，阿里云與四川特驅(qū)集團(tuán)、德康集團(tuán)宣布達(dá)成合作，馬云開始“人工智能”養(yǎng)豬。
 
　　……
 
　　華為、碧桂園、蘇寧、順豐、恒大、當(dāng)當(dāng)、亞馬遜……越來越多巨頭開始布局農(nóng)村市場(chǎng)，隨著資本的逐漸青睞，似乎已成投資的主力風(fēng)口。然而，事實(shí)卻是，有人風(fēng)生水起，賺的盆滿缽滿，更多的卻遭遇滑鐵盧，黯然離場(chǎng)，終留下的不過是一地雞毛。畢竟，相對(duì)比于其他行業(yè)，農(nóng)業(yè)投入大、回收慢、周期長(zhǎng)、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大、隱性門檻高，對(duì)于門外漢來說想要投資農(nóng)業(yè)這片藍(lán)海還是不容易的。
 
　　城鄉(xiāng)中國(guó)時(shí)代的資本下鄉(xiāng)
 
　　二十世紀(jì)四十年代，費(fèi)孝通先生編寫《鄉(xiāng)土中國(guó)》一書，提出中國(guó)的基本特征就是“鄉(xiāng)土中國(guó)”。“鄉(xiāng)土中國(guó)”至少有三個(gè)基本內(nèi)涵：是鄉(xiāng)村人口的絕大多數(shù)，第二是農(nóng)民生產(chǎn)的土地粘著，第三是社會(huì)生活的終老是鄉(xiāng)。
 
　　而今，鄉(xiāng)村人口已不再占大多數(shù)，據(jù)國(guó)家統(tǒng)計(jì)局?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)顯示，2017年末，我國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)常駐人口就已達(dá)8.1億；農(nóng)民生產(chǎn)也不再以土地產(chǎn)出為主，而是更加傾向于多元化收入；社會(huì)生活的高度流動(dòng)，越來越多的人不僅僅在空間層面上脫離農(nóng)村社會(huì)，在情感認(rèn)同上也有了變化，“終老是鄉(xiāng)”的觀念愈加薄弱。以上三點(diǎn)變化表明：當(dāng)前我國(guó)已經(jīng)由鄉(xiāng)土中國(guó)時(shí)代進(jìn)入城鄉(xiāng)中國(guó)時(shí)代。
 
　　城鄉(xiāng)中國(guó)時(shí)代的一個(gè)重要變化就是城市與鄉(xiāng)村是相互供給，互有需求的。從產(chǎn)業(yè)形態(tài)上來看，農(nóng)村與城市的三產(chǎn)比重恰好是截然相反的，呈正反金字塔結(jié)構(gòu)。在此情況下，工商資本依靠其特有的商業(yè)敏銳性，看到了農(nóng)村資源的巨大價(jià)值。工商資本下鄉(xiāng)通過對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村的投資，帶動(dòng)人力、財(cái)力、物力以及技術(shù)、理念、管理等各類要素進(jìn)入農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村，從而推動(dòng)土地規(guī)劃整治和產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展、促進(jìn)土地流轉(zhuǎn)和規(guī)?；?jīng)營(yíng)、降低農(nóng)業(yè)交易成本、推動(dòng)技術(shù)應(yīng)用、促進(jìn)就業(yè)創(chuàng)業(yè)和農(nóng)民增收、激發(fā)農(nóng)村資源資產(chǎn)要素活力。
 
　　跑馬圈地，擠占農(nóng)民利益
 
　　工商資本下鄉(xiāng)已成浪潮，村級(jí)存量資產(chǎn)逐漸盤活，農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式隨之改變，一二三產(chǎn)業(yè)不斷有機(jī)融合。然而，在逐利性的驅(qū)動(dòng)下，資本下鄉(xiāng)，跑馬圈地、不事稼穡的現(xiàn)象同樣愈演愈烈。
 
　　一方面，工商資本具有逐利本性，他們與農(nóng)民利益也往往不一致，他們更加看重發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)作物、規(guī)模養(yǎng)殖，卻很少看到種植糧食這樣的低利潤(rùn)作物，長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來看勢(shì)必會(huì)威脅到糧食安全。而一些以支農(nóng)為名、行圈地之實(shí)的“非糧化”“非農(nóng)化”現(xiàn)象也開始出現(xiàn)，擠占農(nóng)民利益成為常態(tài)。此外，共商資本的炒作，使得土地流轉(zhuǎn)費(fèi)用逐漸走高，也進(jìn)一步加大了家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)、合作社等經(jīng)營(yíng)主體的成本，農(nóng)民利益反受其害，作為農(nóng)業(yè)基本面的小農(nóng)戶與現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的有機(jī)銜接成為空談。
 
　　另一方面，農(nóng)村農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展慢、周期長(zhǎng)，農(nóng)民普遍擁有本位意識(shí)，而資本卻是恰恰相反，他們以逐利為目標(biāo)，帶有城市強(qiáng)烈短期競(jìng)爭(zhēng)行為色彩，想以管理工廠和工人的方法來管理農(nóng)民，這在農(nóng)耕文化積淀歷史遠(yuǎn)超工業(yè)文明的農(nóng)村可以說是寸步難行。加之，因?yàn)橥恋亓鬓D(zhuǎn)費(fèi)用走高、經(jīng)營(yíng)不善等因素，有的項(xiàng)目甚至難以及時(shí)兌付地租，終也只能成為“爛尾工程”。
 
　　小結(jié)
 
　　資本下鄉(xiāng)究竟是為了資本找出路還是為了鄉(xiāng)村找出路？事實(shí)上，資本逐利天經(jīng)地義，“三農(nóng)”發(fā)展也是大勢(shì)所趨，如何協(xié)調(diào)好資本與農(nóng)民之間的利益關(guān)系，引導(dǎo)工商資本有序下鄉(xiāng)才是我們值得思考的問題。
 
　　在引導(dǎo)工商資本下鄉(xiāng)時(shí)，既要發(fā)揮工商資本延長(zhǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈、提升價(jià)值鏈、重組供應(yīng)鏈的優(yōu)勢(shì)，又要通過農(nóng)民再組織化實(shí)現(xiàn)政府與市場(chǎng)的有效對(duì)接，從而完善利益鏈，推動(dòng)小農(nóng)戶與現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的有機(jī)銜接。

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