從94%的小麥機(jī)收率看我國農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械發(fā)展歷程

2018-06-01 08:44:54 來源：中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 作者：林言 閱讀量：51681 評論

　　【中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 編輯視角】每年5月至6月是全國小麥的收割季節(jié)。據(jù)農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部統(tǒng)計，截至5月28日，全國已收獲小麥3260萬畝，日機(jī)收面積超過400萬畝，全國“三夏”大規(guī)模小麥跨區(qū)機(jī)收大會戰(zhàn)已全面啟動。據(jù)了解，今年全國將有63萬臺聯(lián)合收割機(jī)投入小麥?zhǔn)崭睿珖←湙C(jī)收率將超過94%。
 
　　回首過去，短短二三十年間我國農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化面貌發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化。以小麥?zhǔn)崭顬槔?，從人工收割到小機(jī)械收割再到現(xiàn)在的大型聯(lián)合收割機(jī)，這是時代的記憶也是我國農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村發(fā)展的見證。
 
　　自古以來的人力收割
 
　　小麥自古以來就是我國重要的糧食作物之一，然而千百年來，小麥?zhǔn)崭疃际强咳肆Α?ldquo;田家少閑月，五月人倍忙。夜來南風(fēng)起，小麥覆隴黃。婦姑荷簞食，童稚攜壺漿，相隨餉田去，丁壯在南岡。足蒸暑土氣，背灼炎天光，力盡不知熱，但惜夏日長。”唐代白居易的《觀刈麥》充分表達(dá)了麥?zhǔn)諘r節(jié)人力收割小麥的艱辛。在從前的歲月里，糧食豐收帶來的不僅是喜悅更多的卻是勞累。早上天不亮就要拿著鐮刀下地，白天頂著火爐似的太陽也不敢停歇，彎腰弓背一整天，大片大片未割的麥子卻還鋪的滿眼都是。等到割完了，撿麥穗、打麥子又成了另一道累人的工序。麥?zhǔn)諘r節(jié)，農(nóng)民們在豐收的歡愉與身心的疲憊之間體味著兩重世界，而這一生產(chǎn)模式，一下子就延續(xù)了數(shù)千年。
 
　　改革開放后的逐步發(fā)展
 
　　到了上世紀(jì)90年代，國內(nèi)部分農(nóng)村地區(qū)已經(jīng)開始使用小麥?zhǔn)崭顧C(jī)，逐漸改變了“面朝黃土背朝天，手握鐮刀把腰彎”的狀況，但小麥?zhǔn)崭詈竺摿＿€得用專門的打麥機(jī)，那時候收割、脫粒、曬干全都是分時段進(jìn)行的，一場麥?zhǔn)障聛硪臅r一個月左右。
 
　　1996年，國家有關(guān)部委開始組織大規(guī)模小麥跨區(qū)機(jī)收服務(wù)，機(jī)收范圍從初的山西、河南、河北三個省份迅速擴(kuò)大到21個省、自治區(qū)和直轄市。2004年頒布實施了《農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化促進(jìn)法》，國家明確提出加快推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化的要求和措施，購機(jī)補(bǔ)貼政策對農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化發(fā)展和農(nóng)機(jī)工業(yè)發(fā)展起到了明顯的拉動作用，國內(nèi)農(nóng)機(jī)裝備總量持續(xù)快速增長、裝備結(jié)構(gòu)不斷優(yōu)化，向技術(shù)含量高、綜合性能強(qiáng)的大型化方向發(fā)展。對農(nóng)民來說機(jī)收小麥大大降低了勞動強(qiáng)度、提高了效率，解放了農(nóng)村勞動力，同時也促進(jìn)了土地集約化和農(nóng)村合作社的發(fā)展與成熟。
 
　　農(nóng)業(yè)全面機(jī)械化
 
　　目前，聯(lián)合收割機(jī)已是大田作業(yè)不可缺少的農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，聯(lián)合收割機(jī)收割小麥，比一般人工收割減少脫粒損失5～8%，一臺大型谷物聯(lián)合收割機(jī)一天可收割小麥400～500畝。

 

　　現(xiàn)代聯(lián)合收割機(jī)一個工作日可以收割12萬平方米以上的谷物。
 
　　除此之外，如今的聯(lián)合收割機(jī)能一次完成谷類作物的收割、脫粒、分離莖桿、清除雜余物等工序，從田間直接獲取谷粒，加上近年谷物烘干機(jī)的大量使用，避免了以前小麥?zhǔn)斋@后曬干時對天氣的極度依賴性。全程機(jī)械化使成熟的小麥從田地到直接收入倉庫時間不超過一星期，大大提高了生產(chǎn)效率、節(jié)約了勞動成本。
 
　　隨著農(nóng)業(yè)全程、全面機(jī)械化水平的進(jìn)一步提高，精量播種、化肥深施、植保、秸稈還田、深松整地等農(nóng)機(jī)化新技術(shù)應(yīng)用面積不斷擴(kuò)大，農(nóng)機(jī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化作業(yè)程度進(jìn)一步提高。集收獲、耕整、播種于一體的機(jī)械化復(fù)式作業(yè)應(yīng)用范圍也在逐步擴(kuò)大，農(nóng)業(yè)搶收搶種能力和農(nóng)業(yè)綜合生產(chǎn)能力在進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)。農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化不僅讓農(nóng)民告別了延續(xù)千年的“面朝黃土背朝天”的艱苦狀態(tài)、讓農(nóng)民過上了好日子，更是我國從農(nóng)業(yè)大國走向農(nóng)業(yè)強(qiáng)國的根基。
 
 

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