四川樂山暴雨災(zāi)情引關(guān)注，細(xì)數(shù)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的“五大敵”

2018-05-23 14:40:07 來源：中國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布 閱讀量：29054 評(píng)論

　　【中國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 編輯視角】5月21日19時(shí)至22日8時(shí)，四川省樂山市出現(xiàn)區(qū)域性大暴雨天氣，樂山市氣象臺(tái)相關(guān)人士表示，本輪區(qū)域性暴雨發(fā)生時(shí)間早、覆蓋范圍廣、暴雨量級(jí)大、降雨強(qiáng)度高，并伴隨雷電、大風(fēng)災(zāi)害天氣，為歷史同期罕見。據(jù)樂山市政府應(yīng)急辦通報(bào)，經(jīng)初步統(tǒng)計(jì)，大暴雨造成全市151個(gè)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)9.112萬人受災(zāi)，6354公頃農(nóng)作物受損，直接經(jīng)濟(jì)損失高達(dá)16367.88萬元。
 
　　天氣不僅會(huì)造成人員傷亡，對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的影響也是極其嚴(yán)重的。我國(guó)作為農(nóng)業(yè)大國(guó)，在一定程度上還沒有擺脫“靠天吃飯”的現(xiàn)狀，氣候始終是影響農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的重要決定因素。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，中國(guó)每年由天氣引發(fā)自然災(zāi)害所造成的農(nóng)作物受災(zāi)面積達(dá)5000萬公頃，造成的直接經(jīng)濟(jì)損失占國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值的3~6%。其中，臺(tái)風(fēng)、暴雨洪澇、干旱、強(qiáng)對(duì)流天氣以及沙塵暴等造成的影響尤為嚴(yán)重。

 

　　1、臺(tái)風(fēng)
 
　　我國(guó)臺(tái)風(fēng)登陸時(shí)間早在5月，晚12月，以7~10月為集中。臺(tái)風(fēng)盛行的季節(jié)，正是農(nóng)作物的生長(zhǎng)季，也是水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖的旺季，因此，水旱作物、蔬菜、果樹和漁業(yè)養(yǎng)殖都會(huì)受到影響。臺(tái)風(fēng)不僅會(huì)直接毀壞農(nóng)作物，影響作物的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育及抗逆能力，還會(huì)帶來病菌傳播、病蟲害流行蔓延；同時(shí)還會(huì)引發(fā)泥石流、山崩、滑坡和水土流失等次生災(zāi)害，使農(nóng)業(yè)耕地遭到泥沙石的淹蓋；會(huì)導(dǎo)致土壤質(zhì)量下降，影響農(nóng)作物的生長(zhǎng)；有的臺(tái)風(fēng)甚至?xí)l(fā)海水倒灌，造成土地鹽堿化，不利于農(nóng)作物的生長(zhǎng)，有的農(nóng)田甚至廢耕。
 
　　2 、暴雨與洪澇
 
　　中國(guó)大部分地區(qū)年降水量集中在夏季, 年際變化十分明顯, 洪澇災(zāi)害較為頻繁, 是影響作物產(chǎn)量的又一重要?dú)庀鬄?zāi)害, 整體上可能導(dǎo)致農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)量減少約24%。洪澇災(zāi)害多數(shù)是由持續(xù)性暴雨、特大暴雨造成的江河洪水泛濫, 淹沒或沖毀作物, 導(dǎo)致減產(chǎn)或絕收。我國(guó)洪澇區(qū)主要分布在東南部, 集中分布在長(zhǎng)江和黃淮河流域。
 
　　3、干旱
 
　　干旱是中國(guó)為嚴(yán)重的農(nóng)業(yè)氣象災(zāi)害, 在各種氣象災(zāi)害造成的損失中, 旱災(zāi)造成的損失達(dá)62%。農(nóng)業(yè)干旱是指由外界環(huán)境因素(長(zhǎng)期無雨或降水顯著偏少)造成作物體內(nèi)水分失去平衡,引起生長(zhǎng)滯緩、萎蔫、落花、落果、干枯死亡, 進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致減產(chǎn)或絕收的現(xiàn)象。
 
　　4、強(qiáng)對(duì)流天氣(雷電、冰雹、龍卷風(fēng))
 
　　中國(guó)每年因雷擊造成的人員傷亡超過1000人,其中死亡人數(shù)達(dá)一半以上, 財(cái)產(chǎn)損失估計(jì)在50-100億元; 每年平均雹災(zāi)面積173萬公頃, 重災(zāi)年達(dá)400萬公頃, 造成的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失約為10億元。龍卷風(fēng)平均每年100個(gè)左右, 雷雨大風(fēng)時(shí)有發(fā)生, 對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)、交通、電力和人民生命財(cái)產(chǎn)安全等都造成十分嚴(yán)重的損失。
 
　　5、沙塵暴
 
　　沙塵暴是我國(guó)西北地區(qū)和華北北部地區(qū)出現(xiàn)的強(qiáng)災(zāi)害性天氣。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，由于荒漠化加劇、生態(tài)惡化, 中國(guó)現(xiàn)已有24000個(gè)村莊消失。
 
　　結(jié)語
 
　　農(nóng)業(yè)是國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的基礎(chǔ)，天氣引發(fā)的自然災(zāi)害會(huì)造成農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的波動(dòng)、危及糧食安全、社會(huì)穩(wěn)定和經(jīng)濟(jì)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展，因此，提前采取對(duì)策減少災(zāi)害帶來的損失具有重要的戰(zhàn)略意義。農(nóng)業(yè)自身方面，要加強(qiáng)農(nóng)田水利基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)、培育抗逆性強(qiáng)的農(nóng)作物新品種，增強(qiáng)抗災(zāi)能力；氣象部門要建立氣象災(zāi)害監(jiān)測(cè)預(yù)警預(yù)報(bào)機(jī)制，制定科學(xué)合理的應(yīng)對(duì)措施，大限度減少氣象事件對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)的影響。
 
　　本文由中國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)(m.qktnz.cnl)整理發(fā)布，資料來源：中國(guó)青年網(wǎng)、搜狐網(wǎng)、中國(guó)興農(nóng)網(wǎng)，若有侵權(quán)或異議請(qǐng)聯(lián)系我們。

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