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眾說紛紜：電力驅(qū)動是“主流” 但仍需巨頭“帶節(jié)奏”

2018-01-11 14:35:38 來源：中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 閱讀量：48875 評論

導(dǎo)讀：相對于柴油動力，電力能源成本較為便宜，并且是可再生的綠色環(huán)保能源動力，因此，在國家大力推動農(nóng)業(yè)綠色發(fā)展的政策導(dǎo)向下，電動農(nóng)機(jī)會成為大型農(nóng)機(jī)的主流方向嗎？

　　【中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 本站原創(chuàng)】相對于柴油動力，電力能源成本較為便宜，并且是可再生的綠色環(huán)保能源動力，因此，在國家大力推動農(nóng)業(yè)綠色發(fā)展的政策導(dǎo)向下，電動農(nóng)機(jī)會成為大型農(nóng)機(jī)的主流方向嗎？
 

　　國外發(fā)展歷程及現(xiàn)狀
 
　　據(jù)《ScientificAmerican》雜志報道，19 世紀(jì)末，美國南部農(nóng)場出現(xiàn)了一種車頭上有兩根電線連接到電網(wǎng)上的拖拉機(jī)。1912 年德國的 Siemens 公司推出了功率為 36.8kW、由電網(wǎng)供電的電動拖拉機(jī)，主要用于驅(qū)動旋耕機(jī)。1941 年，瑞士的 Grunder研制的電動耕地拖拉機(jī)具備隨時更換農(nóng)機(jī)具的功能，可以進(jìn)行多種作業(yè)。這個時期的電動拖拉機(jī)有個共同的特點，即都由電網(wǎng)通過長導(dǎo)線提供電源，限制了其作業(yè)范圍，而且導(dǎo)線過長增加了電力在傳輸過程中的損耗。
 
　　關(guān)于電動拖拉機(jī)的研究嘗試并未停止。在2017年法國SIMA展上，約翰迪爾正式發(fā)布了其研發(fā)多年的純電動拖拉機(jī)SESAM，這個名為SESAM(農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)能源供應(yīng))的概念是個完全由電池組供電的概念。
 
　　據(jù)悉，SESAM拖拉機(jī)比Tesla的高容量電池組(100 kWh)動力更大。該拖拉機(jī)是以曼海姆制造的約翰迪爾6R系列為基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計的，可持續(xù)4個小時的工作時間或者55km的運(yùn)輸時間。并且由于是電力驅(qū)動，SESAM低速扭矩特別大，同時在無極變速的配合使用下，峰值功率可達(dá)到400馬力，目前可配套使用噴霧器，中耕機(jī)，泥漿罐車和青貯拖車等。
 
　　國內(nèi)發(fā)展歷程及現(xiàn)狀
 
　　我國的電動農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械整體起步較晚，但經(jīng)過近幾年的發(fā)展還是收獲了不少研究成果。1972 年，我國引進(jìn)英國技術(shù)生產(chǎn)的手持式電動噴霧機(jī)械，采用干電池或蓄電池作為動力源，整機(jī)質(zhì)量為 2-4kg，生產(chǎn)效率在4-6.67hm2/d。
 
　　針對采茶作業(yè)，安徽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)設(shè)計了一款微型電機(jī)驅(qū)動采茶機(jī)；針對棚室作業(yè)，中國礦業(yè)大學(xué)設(shè)計了針對溫室大棚用的電動自走式撒肥機(jī)；為解決傳統(tǒng)播種機(jī)回轉(zhuǎn)半徑大以及碳煙排放污染等問題，河北建筑工程學(xué)院研制成功了一款小型的電動播種機(jī)； 2008 年新疆農(nóng)機(jī)部門研制成功了 2BDP-2 型電動玉米精量播種機(jī)； 2009 年甘肅畜牧工程職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院研制成功了DYP-235 型電動圓形噴灌機(jī)，隨后，電動水稻插秧機(jī)、輪式電動油菜割曬機(jī)、微型電動施肥機(jī)、小型電動播種機(jī)等逐漸進(jìn)入生產(chǎn)使用，*。
 
　　縱觀我國電動農(nóng)機(jī)發(fā)展，小型電動農(nóng)機(jī)的研發(fā)已非常普遍，但主流農(nóng)用拖拉機(jī)的電力傳輸看起來還有一段路要走。
 
　　大型農(nóng)機(jī)電動化方向“眾說紛紜”
 
　　拖拉機(jī)作為農(nóng)機(jī)的動力源，需求量大，技術(shù)也為成熟，想嘗試做電動農(nóng)機(jī)的企業(yè)大多也是從電動拖拉機(jī)入手，但其缺點也很明顯，例如續(xù)航短的問題。然而，針對方向問題，有人認(rèn)為既然前景光明就應(yīng)該努力克服，也有人認(rèn)為要“有所為，有所不為”。
 
　　拖拉機(jī)技術(shù)為成熟，而電動拖拉機(jī)的續(xù)航問題一直是發(fā)展痛點，也是難點。針對此痛點，國外農(nóng)機(jī)如特斯拉、約翰迪爾等都在努力研發(fā)解決其續(xù)航問題，以及動力和扭矩小等問題。而我國電動大馬力農(nóng)機(jī)的研制仍處于起步階段。
 
　　有人認(rèn)為，發(fā)展電動農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械要根據(jù)其優(yōu)劣來定。像農(nóng)田用拖拉機(jī)、聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)等這些長時間、長距離作業(yè)的農(nóng)機(jī)不適合電動化，不但成本高、續(xù)航能力差，而且自重大、對土壤壓實大，劣勢明顯大于優(yōu)勢。反而像大棚農(nóng)機(jī)、田園農(nóng)機(jī)等小型農(nóng)機(jī)適合電動化。或許這也是為何我國的小型電動農(nóng)機(jī)比大型電動農(nóng)機(jī)使用普遍的主要原因之一。
 
　　也有人認(rèn)為，不管是“大型農(nóng)機(jī)”還是“小型農(nóng)機(jī)”其市場前景都很廣闊，但價格依然是農(nóng)民對于電動農(nóng)機(jī)的痛點。雖然電動農(nóng)機(jī)具的價格是否能降下來，還有待推敲，但是電動農(nóng)機(jī)的補(bǔ)貼方向已經(jīng)展露雛形。2016年6月，山西省政府出臺《關(guān)于推進(jìn)電動農(nóng)機(jī)發(fā)展的實施意見》，并安排5000萬元專項獎補(bǔ)資金，掀起綠色農(nóng)機(jī)風(fēng)暴。截至2017年底，山西已累計獎補(bǔ)1.2萬戶農(nóng)民購買1.4萬臺件電動農(nóng)機(jī)新產(chǎn)品，推動了農(nóng)民增收、農(nóng)業(yè)增效，必將會引起其他各地區(qū)對電力農(nóng)機(jī)的重視。
 
　　每當(dāng)新的事物、新的想法開始出現(xiàn)的時候，人們的態(tài)度往往會眾說不一。筆者認(rèn)為，在綠色農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的大環(huán)境中，電動農(nóng)機(jī)必將會是主流方向，但是關(guān)于電動拖拉機(jī)等大型電動農(nóng)機(jī)的發(fā)展方向，國內(nèi)仍需要政策“石錘”或是行業(yè)巨頭的“*”。
 
　　中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)(m.qktnz.cn)原創(chuàng)，轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處。
 
　　資料來源：機(jī)械設(shè)備研究

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