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青貯玉米與食用玉米到底有什么不一樣？

2016-03-25 09:26:24 來源：致富幫 閱讀量：19613 評論

導讀：自從2015年中央農(nóng)村工作會議后，農(nóng)業(yè)供給側改革成為2016年農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中具指導性的詞匯，而這其中玉米成為*的農(nóng)作物。一方面，是減少玉米種植面積，另一方面是食用玉米與青貯玉米之間切換。

      【中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 行業(yè)要聞】自從2015年中央農(nóng)村工作會議后，農(nóng)業(yè)供給側改革成為2016年農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中具指導性的詞匯，而這其中玉米成為*的農(nóng)作物。一方面，是減少玉米種植面積，另一方面是食用玉米與青貯玉米之間切換。

玉米青貯后

      在當今“糧經(jīng)飼統(tǒng)籌”的鼓勵下，玉米君也是火的如日中天，有的地方正在試點將食用玉米改種飼用玉米，有的地方正準備將部分食用玉米改為飼用玉米 有些農(nóng)民朋友把飼用玉米簡單地理解為普通玉米未完全成熟時收割下來就是飼用玉米。這顯然是不對的。那么，食用玉米與飼用玉米究竟有何區(qū)別呢？種什么樣的飼用玉米更好呢？

      食用玉米與飼用玉米的區(qū)別？

      沈陽農(nóng)業(yè)大學的王立為老師說： “一般玉米按照用途可以分為食用玉米和特種玉米兩大類，飼用玉米是特種玉米的一種，生長迅速，產(chǎn)量高，飼用玉米一般植株特別高大，有的時候長到2.5米到3.5米，高有長到4米的。以生產(chǎn)新秸稈為主，食用玉米以產(chǎn)玉米籽粒為主。

      飼用玉米佳收獲期一般在籽粒成熟的乳熟末期或者蠟熟前期時產(chǎn)量高，營養(yǎng)價值比較好。食用玉米的收獲期必須是在晚熟期以后，選擇專用的飼用玉米品種可以獲得很高的產(chǎn)量，但也有一些人把普通玉米提前收割當做飼料用，這樣產(chǎn)量會比較低。一般在中等地力條件下，采用專用的飼用玉米品種秸稈畝產(chǎn)一般達到4~6噸左右，普通食用玉米秸稈一般是2~3噸左右。”

      飼用玉米：飼用玉米是指專用于畜牧業(yè)的一種＂其果穗、莖葉都可用作飼料的作物。飼用玉米具有產(chǎn)量高、營養(yǎng)豐富＂素有“飼料”的美譽＂是*用于生產(chǎn)畜產(chǎn)品重要的飼料來源之一。 種植飼用玉米不僅可以收獲一定的籽粒用作精飼料，而且其莖葉鮮綠度好、營養(yǎng)豐富、產(chǎn)量高，是青貯、配合飼料或直接喂養(yǎng)的飼料。

長勢良好的青貯玉米

      飼用玉米的分類：

      1、青貯專用型玉米。是指產(chǎn)量高、品質好、只能作青貯的玉米品種。


      2、糧飼兼用型玉米。是指先收獲玉米果穗，用作糧食或作配合飼料，后收玉米全株作青貯的品種。

      3、糧飼通用型玉米。指該玉米既可作為普通玉米品種，在成熟時收獲果穗，用作糧食或作配合飼料，也可以作為青貯玉米的品種，收玉米果穗在內(nèi)的全株，用作青飼料或青貯飼料。

      請注意：青貯并不指玉米品種，而是指用途，是將新鮮玉米存放到青貯窖中（即進行青貯），經(jīng)發(fā)酵制成飼料。

      在山東省可用作飼用玉米的品種有魯單５０、ＬＤ９６３、魯單９８１、掖單２２號等品種。

      玉米是我國的傳統(tǒng)作物，以前是作為商品糧來種植的，即使是牧區(qū)，也是棒子和秸稈分開收獲。對此我們應該確立為養(yǎng)而種的觀念，擴大飼用玉米種植面積。把發(fā)展飼用玉米與發(fā)展畜牧業(yè)有機結合起來，既可為農(nóng)業(yè)結構調(diào)整開拓出新間，又能增加農(nóng)業(yè)的綜合效益。

      但是，要特別提醒大家的是，盡管飼用玉米的比較效益勝過食用玉米，但這里有一個重要前提，就是必須種養(yǎng)結合、就地消化、互為成本、才能盡量減少物流運輸?shù)某杀?。事實上，目前我國進口的高粱作物很多，和飼用玉米之間形成了替代關系，總體而言種植玉米的成本還是比較高的，所以調(diào)整結構的弦還是要時刻繃緊哦！

玉米青貯機械化

      青貯玉米如可保存？

      玉米秸稈青貯的方式有很多種，根據(jù)飼養(yǎng)規(guī)模，地理位置，經(jīng)濟條件和飼養(yǎng)習慣可分為：窖貯、包貯，也可在平面上堆積青貯等等。現(xiàn)就幾種常用的青貯方式及其方法介紹如下：
 
    窖貯是一種常見、理想的青貯方式。雖一次性投資大些，但窖堅固耐用，使用年限長，可常年制作，貯藏量大，青貯的飼料質量有保證。
 
    根據(jù)地勢及地下水位的高低可將青貯窖分為：地下、地上和半地下三種形式。
 
    1、選址：一般要在地勢較高、地下水位較低、背風向陽、土質堅實、離飼舍較近、制作和取用青貯飼料方便的地方。
 
    2、窖的形狀與大?。航训男螤钜话銥殚L方形，窖的深淺、寬窄和長度可根據(jù)所養(yǎng)牛羊的數(shù)量、飼喂期的長短和需要儲存的飼草數(shù)量進行設計。青貯窖四壁要平整光滑， 一定要注意防止?jié)B水和漏氣。要能夠密封，防止空氣進入，且有利于飼草的裝填壓實。窖底部從一端到另一端須有一定的坡度，或一端建成鍋底形，以便排除多余的汁液。一般每立方米窖可青貯全株玉米500-600公斤。
 
    3、制作過程：原料切割的長度一般為1cm—3cm左右 ，裝填時要壓實，有利于排除其中的空氣。也有利于以后青貯飼料的取用， 切短后的青貯原料要及時裝入青貯窖內(nèi)，可采取邊粉碎邊裝窖邊壓實的辦法。
 
    一般經(jīng)過40天—50天（20-35℃/天）的密閉發(fā)酵后，即可取用飼喂家畜。
 
    1、裹包青貯的制作
 
    將粉碎好的青貯原料用打捆機進行高密度壓實打捆，然后通過裹包機用拉伸膜包裹起來，從而創(chuàng)造一個厭氧的發(fā)酵環(huán)境，終完成乳酸發(fā)酵過程。
 
    2、裹包青貯的優(yōu)點
 
     裹包青貯有以下幾個優(yōu)點：制作不受時間、地點的限制，不受存放地點的限制，若能夠在棚室內(nèi)進行加工，也就不受天氣的限制了。與其他青貯方式相比，裹包青貯過程的封閉性比較好，通過汁液損失的營養(yǎng)物質也較少，而且不存在二次發(fā)酵的現(xiàn)象。此外裹包青貯的運輸和使用都比較方便，有利于它的商品化。
 
    平面堆積青貯適用于養(yǎng)殖規(guī)模較小的農(nóng)戶，如養(yǎng)奶牛3-5頭或者養(yǎng)羊20-50只，可以采用這種方式，平面堆積青貯的特點是使用期較短，成本低，一次性勞動量投入較小。制作的時候需要注意青貯原料的含水量 ，要壓實，要密閉。

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